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46249
Attachment
Descripción
A-Levels Psychology psya1 Mapa Mental sobre Attachment, creado por Gemma Bradford el 14/04/2013.
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psychology psya1
psychology psya1
a-levels
Mapa Mental por
Gemma Bradford
, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por
Gemma Bradford
hace más de 11 años
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Resumen del Recurso
Attachment
Emotional bond between two people, enduring over time
Learning theory
Classical conditioning
New response is learned when a neutral stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus
After learning, neutral stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus producing a conditioned response
Pavlov
Noticed dogs salivated when seeing food
Associated a bell with food, so bell caused dogs to salivate
Behaviour is learnt
Operant
Behaviour learnt through trial and error and in response to consequences
Reinforcement
+ adding something plesant
- taking away something unplesant
Dollard and Miller 1950
When an infant is hungry = uncomfortable, when they are fed = reduces displeasure
Food is primary reinforcer
Person reducing displeasure = secondary reinforcer
Attachment occurs as infant seeks person supplying reinforcement
Support
Explains how we learn behaviour
Little Albert 1920
Reinforcement and punishment applies in real life
Limitations
Harlow
Rhesus monkeys given 2 mothers, one wire who fed food, the other wrapped in soft cloth with no food
Monkeys showed attachment to cloth mother and seeked proximity to it
Showing food is not primary reinforcer
Schaffer and Emerson 1964
60 babies from Glasgow
Found infants most attached to person who was most responsive to them - not feeder
Shows food is not primary reinforcer
Bowlby's theory
Infant becomes attached to person providing them with basic needs to survive
Features
Attachment develops during sensitive period
After this it becomes difficult to form attachments
Infants have innate drive to attach and have social releasers to elicit caregiving
Infants have primary attachment (monotropy) and secondary attachments (hierarchy)
Early attachment creates expectations about later relationships - internal working model
Continuity - securely attached infants go on to be securely attached
Infant uses mother as secure base
Support
Lorenz
Infant geese imprinted on Lorenz as he was the first thing they saw and he kept them alive
Cultural studies suggest attachment must be innate
Schaffer and Emerson's study found infants had one primary attachment and secondary attachments
Sroufe
Found continuity between early attachment and later emotional/social behaviour
Carlson
Found insensitive caregiving led to disorganised attachments
Limitations
Rutter
Several primary attachments may be desirable for healthy emotional development
Kagan
Suggested attachment is explained in innate temperamental types
Infants with an easy temperament = more likely to become securely attached
Those with a difficult temperament = more likely to become insecurely attached
Supported by belsky and rovine
Types of Attachment
Ainsworth 1978
Strange situation
Infant and parent in a 'strange' environment with a stranger
106 middle class infants
Infants behaviour observed as mother leaves and returns and when a stranger is present
Measures attachment in terms on stranger anxiety and separation anxiety
R: 66% displayed secure attachments
Willing to explore with mother as secure base
High stranger anxiety
Easily comforted by mother
R: 22% were insecure avoidant
Willing to explore without caregiver
Low stranger anxiety
Did not seek proximity on return
Parent's absence unnoticed
R: 12% were insecure resistant
Unwilling to explore
High stranger anxiety
Distressed on mother's absence
Seeks and rejects caregiver on return
Support
Ainsworth 1967
Observation of 26 infants in Uganda
Mothers who were more sensitive to infants' needs had more securely attached infants
Bowlby's theory
Main and Soloman
Analysed tapes of children in strange situation
Found disorganised attachment
Lack of consistency in behaviour
Disinhibited attachment results from privation
Infants try to form attachments to anyone, but they are superficial
Limitations
Validity
Strange situation measures the way two people interact, not personality quality of individual
Hazan and Shaver
Found that people who were securely attached in early life, were more likely to form enduring relationships later on
Strange situation has ethical concerns
Situation may have caused infants to behave differently
Cultural Variations
Culture
Rules, customs, morals and ways of interacting that bind members of society together
Similarities
Ainsworth 1967 Uganda
Infants used mother as secure base
Securely attached infants had more sensitive mothers
Tronick 1992 Zaire
Lived in extended family groups, infants slept with mother but breastfed and cared for by other women
6 months - infants showed one primary attachment to mother
Fox 1977 Israeli
Infants cared for in communal children homes by nurses
Infants showed greater attachment to mother despite spending more time with nurses
Mothers' showed greater sensitivity
Van and Kroonenberg
Meta analysis of 32 studies on variations
Variations within cultures 1.5 times greater than between cultures
C: Cultural practices have little influence on attachment behaviour
Differences
Grossman and Grossman 1991 Germany
Found larger proportion of infants classified as insecurely attached than US
Takahashi 1990 Japan
Infants showed higher rates of insecure resistant than other cultures
No evidence of insecure avoidant
Infants rarely separated from mother
Evaluation
Rothbaum Culture bias
Attachment theory has strong western bias with individualist ideas
Posada and Jacobs
Evidence to support universality of core attachment concepts
Cross cultural similarities can be explained by share of mass media than innate processes
Cross cultural research used techniques developed in one culture and used to study another culture
Validity - within cultural groups many different childrearng practices are used not just one
Disruption of Attachment
Robertson and Robertson 1963-73
Filmed 6 children during periods of brief separation from primary attachment
Laura in hospital, John in nursery, Jane, Lucy, Thomas and Kate looked after in Robinsons' home
Laura and John showed depression and became withdrawn
John couldn't compete for attention and attached to a teddy
Other children coped well as received high level of emotional care
Case studies can lack generalisability
Evaluation
Skeels and Dye
Group of institutionalised children with low IQs improved after being in a home for mentally ill adults
Adults gave emotional care
Skeels and Dye
One group of infants in care transferred to home for mentally ill adults
Control group remained in orphanage
After 1.5 years, IQs of control group had fallen and IQs of other group rose by 28 points
Bohman and Sigvardsson
600 adopted children in Sweden
Age 11, 26% classified as problem children
10 years on, after being adopted they were normal in terms of social and emotional development
Bifulco
249 women who lost mothers through separation/death before age 17
Group twice as likely to suffer from depression/anxiety as adults
C: Early disruptions in attachment make an individual more psychologically vulnerable
Bowlby
Children in institutional care at young age
Some were well adjusted later on, some were maladjusted
Those who coped better more likely to be securely attached
Attachment and disruption are linked
Privation
Failing to form an attachment with a caregiver
Hodges and Tizard 1989
Group of 65 children in institutional care from less than 4 months old
Age 16 - children who were adopted closely attached to families
Untrue for children returning to original families
Both groups had problems with peers and sought more attention from adults
Rutter
100 Romanian orphans adopted by UK families
Children adopted before 6 months showed normal emotional development
Those adopted after 6 months showed disinhibited attachments and problems with peers
Attachment disorder caused by experience of sever neglect/frequent change of caregivers in early life
Evaluation
Quinton
R: Ex-institutional women had difficulties as parents
Creating a cycle of privation
Rated as lacking warmth in interaction with children
Some romanian orphans did recover
Some did not - due to other factors such as late adoption, hardship in institutions etc
Hodges and tizard study - effects may be due to rejection and they could have recovered long term
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