Medieval Music (400-1475 AD)

Style
1. Melody
  1. Mostly Conjunct Motion
  2. Narrow Range
  3. Scales Use Diatonic Notes
2. Rhythm
  1. Gregorian chant and early secular songs
    1. Sung in rhythmic values determined by the text
    2. No clearly marked rhythms or meter
  2. Polyphonic Compositions
    1. After 1180
    2. Mostly in triple meter
    3. Uses repeated rhythmic patterns
      1. Rhythmic Modes
3. Harmony
  1. Most surviving music is monophonic
  2. Polyphonic Compositions
    1. Can have dissonant sonorities within phrases
    2. Phrases end with open unisons, octaves or fifths
4. Colour
  1. Vocal Music Predominates
  2. Little Instrumental Music Survives
    1. Medieval instruments are different than modern ones
      1. Some are ancestors of modern ones
      2. Some became extinct
    2. Unique Sounds
5. Texture
  1. Mostly Monophonic
  2. Surviving polyphonic compositions written in non-imitative counterpoint
Gregorian Chant
1. Also known as "Plainsong"
2. Named in honour of Pope Gregory
  1. Reigned 590-604
  2. Important for administrative abilities
  3. Organized chants according to the liturgical calendar
  4. Not a Musician
  5. Replaced numerous regional chant practices
    1. Saram
      1. Celtic Areas
    2. Mozarabic
      1. Iberia
    3. Ambrosian
      1. Milan
        Survived
3. Definition
  1. Unaccompanied vocal music
  2. Sacred Latin Text
  3. Composed for use in religious services in the Church and Monastery
  4. Written over the course of 15 centuries
4. Style
  1. Rhythm
    1. No meter or regular rhythms
    2. Encourage pious reflection
  2. Sang in unison
  3. Generally no instrumental accompaniment
  4. Soloists can alternate with unison choir
  5. Text can be set in a syllabic or melismatic style
    1. Syllabic
      1. One note per syllable
    2. Melismatic
      1. Many notes per sylable
  6. Individual composers of this vast body of music are generally unkown
Hildegard of Bingen
1. 1098-1179
2. Significance
  1. One of the few composers of chant who can be identified
  2. 77 chants have been attributed to her
3. Founded a convent in Bingen, Germany
4. Known for her extraordinary intellect and imagination
  1. Popes and kings sought her adivce
  2. Many fields of activity
    1. Naturalist and Pharmacist
    2. Wrote scientific books, plays and poetry
    3. Composed chant for her convent
5. Afflicted with severe headaches
  1. Had visions during these times of pain
  2. Turned these visions into poetry and set them to music
Leoninus
1. 1169-1201
2. Member of the clergy at Notre Dame of Paris
3. Composer of organum
  1. Polyphonic voice is added to the soloist portions of chant
  2. Informed by the pervading medieval concept of authoritas
  3. Creates a composition consisting of two more voices
    1. Duplum
    2. Triplum
    3. Quadruplum
  4. Chant is sung in long tones, the new line moves more quickly
  5. Organum is only sung by soloists, the choir later continues the chant in unison
  6. Used to enhance special services
    1. Mass for Christmas Day
4. Called his collection of organum the "Magnus liber organi"
  1. "Big Book of Organum"
Perotinus
1. 1198-1236
2. Uses organum and chant
Guillaume de Machaut
1. 1300-1377
2. Most important composer of the 14th century
3. Author
4. Composer
5. Courtier
6. Cleric
7. Composed sacred music and secular songs
  1. Mass of Our Lady
    1. Best known composition in medieval music
Secular Music
1. Vocal
  1. Troubadours (Trobairitz)
    1. Active in Southern France
    2. Wrote vernacular poetry and set it to music
      1. Generally about love
    3. Often accompanied by instruments
      1. Not written down
      2. Very little survives
    4. Performers are from all classes of society
  2. Trouveres and Minnesingers
    1. Northern France and Germany (respectively)
      1. Began to mix the traditions of troubadours with the style of sacred polyphonic music
        Resulted in polyphonic chanson
        Many composers (including Machaut) adopted this style
2. Instrumental
  1. Primarily used to accompany dances
  2. Instruments divided into two groups
    1. Hauts
      1. Loud
      2. Include sackbut, shawm, cornetto, drums
    2. Bas
      1. Soft
      2. Include flute, recorder, harp, lute

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Medieval Music (400-1475 AD)

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