Early Baroque Music (1600-1710 AD)

Baroque Asthetic
1. Massive Scale
2. Grandiose Themes
3. Overabundance of small, decorative details
4. Vigorous Energy
5. Emphasis on emotions
  1. Humoural view of body/mind relationship
  2. Often to the point of exaggeration and distortion
Basso Continuo
1. Constant throughout era
2. Purpose
  1. To establish a strong bass and make the harmony explicit
3. A small ensemble of at least two instruments
  1. Provide a foundation for the melody or melodies above
  2. One instrument plays chord progression
    1. Harpsichord, organ, large lute
      1. Play base with the left hand and improvise with the right hand
  3. Another sustaining instrument plays the base line
    1. Doubles lowest note
    2. Cello, viola de gamba,bassoon
Early Style
1. Melody
  1. Less stepwise movement than Renaissance
  2. Larger leaps
    1. Wider range and chromaticism reflect influence of virtuosic solo singing
  3. Melodic patterns are idiomatic to particular instruments
  4. Introduction to melodic sequence
2. Harmony
  1. Stable, diatonic chords played by basso continuo support melody
  2. Clearly defined chord progressions begin to develop
  3. Tonality is reduced to major and minor keys
3. Rhythm
  1. Relaxed, flexible rhythms of the Renaissance transformed into often motoric, driving rhythms
4. Colour
  1. Musical timbre becomes enormously varied
    1. Traditional instruments are perfected
      1. Harpsichord, violin, oboe
    2. New combinations of voices and instruments are explored
    3. Orchestration/instrumentation becomes more explicit and fixed at the compositional stage
  2. Symphony orchestra begins to take shape
  3. Sudden shifts in dynamics (terraced dynamics) reflect dramatic quality of Baroque music
5. Texture
  1. Chordal, homophonic texture predominates
  2. Top and bottom lines are strongest
  3. Basso continuo supports melody
6. Form
  1. Basso ostinato
    1. Repeated base line
  2. Ritornello form emerges in the concerto grosso
  3. Binary form regulates most movements of the sonata and orchestral suite
Opera
1. Literally means "work"
2. A dramatic work in which the actors sing some or all of their parts
3. Usually makes use of elaborate sets and costumes
4. Emerged in northern Italy
  1. An attempt to recreate the style of ancient Greek drama
  2. First promoted by a group of humanist thinkers
    1. Florentine Camerata
  3. Florence, Mantva, Venice
5. Libretto
  1. Text
    1. Little Book
  2. Usually based on a story drawn from history and mythology of ancient Greece and Rome
6. Stile Rappresentativo
  1. "The representational style"
  2. Usually Monody
    1. Expressive and flexible style of solo singing for the stage
      1. In imitation of ancient Greek theatrical singing
  3. Allowed singer to move imperceptibly from one mood to another
  4. Soon transformed into two different and contrasting vocal styles
    1. Recitative
      1. Expresses the drama's action
      2. Italian for "something recited"
      3. Musically heightened speech
      4. Attempts to mirror natural oral delivery
      5. Often consists of rapidly repeating notes followed by one or two long notes at the end of phrases
      6. Secco Recitative
        Italian for "dry"
        Accompanied only by basso continuo
    2. Aria
      1. Used to express the character's emotion that results from the preceding portion of the drama
      2. More passionate, expansive and tuneful
      3. Clear Meter
      4. Regular Rhythms
      5. Vocal melismas instead of rapid-fire delivery
      6. Self-contained, independent musical unit
      7. Accompanied by basso continuo and part or all of the orchestra
  5. Arioso
    1. A passage of vocal music sung in a manner halfway between aria and recitative
    2. More faithful to the original style of stile rappresentativo than aria or recitiative
7. Fully Dramatized
8. Repeated base line provides a solid foundation
  1. Common feature of the Baroque
  2. Often used to symbolize grief
    1. Lament Base
9. Allegorical
Chamber Contata
1. Performed in homes or small auditoriums
2. Secular vocal genre for solo voice with instrumental accompaniment
  1. 8-15 minutes
3. Composed in contrasting scetions
  1. Recitative/Aria
4. Amorous Topics
  1. Ancient history or mythology
5. "mini opera"

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Early Baroque Music (1600-1710 AD)

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