Non-Antibiotic Antimicrobial Agents

Nota:

• Nom. Of chemicals rapidly germicidal &used to sterile &desinfect. أقل تأثير م الحرارة بس أحسن ف حالة الأسطح والمواد الحساسة للحرارة . وجود الحرارة معاهم بتزود تأثيرهم وجود organic matter معاهم بيقلل التأثير بتاعهم .

1. Classification
   1. Usage
      1. Disinfectant

         Nota:

         • Rapid bactricidal Not sporicidal Inanimate objects Surfaces Phenols Alcohols Halogens
      2. Antiseptic

         Nota:

         • Animate Skin&mucous Must be non toxic Dyes Mercurials Iodine
      3. Preservative & Combinations

         Nota:

         • الخصائص ص٤٥،٤٦ Combination 1-germall 115---antibacterial no anti fungal 2-parabens---antifungal 1&2conbination--->broader spectrum preservative.
   2. Activities
      1. High

         Nota:

         • أهم حاجة إنه sporicidal Short time in sterilization (6-10) hours. If diluted---disinfectant 10-45 minutes. Ethylene oxide---sterilization 70%formaldehyde --hospitals & companies. Alcohol: 1-70%not sporicidal 2-absolute---sporicidal
      2. Intermediate

         Nota:

         • Not sporicidal Active against mycobacterium Chlorine
      3. Low

         Nota:

         • Kill other vegetative bacteria. Chlorohexidine Mercurials
   3. Chemical
      1. Hydrogen peroxide

         Nota:

         • Disinfectant Good sporadically Concentrations: 10% mucous membranes •ear 20% 30% pus
      2. Acids&Esters

         Nota:

         • Benzoic à Ester of p-hydroxy benzoic à(parabens) 1-CH3 parabens 2-C3H7 parabens 1&2 used as preservative in emulsion.
      3. Heavy metals

         Nota:

         • Antiseptic Preservative of eye drops Mercurials Hgcl2
      4. Halogens

         Nota:

         • Cl2--disinfectant in water CHCL3--highly toxic I2---antiseptic 7%or10%
      5. Surface active agents

         Nota:

         • Antiseptic &preservative Non toxic Against gm +ve 1-Quaternary amm. Compounds (QAC)---drops 2-benzalkonium Cl2--preservative 1&2--cationic SAA
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      6. Biguanides

         Nota:

         • Preservative PH---7-8 Clorohixidine ----intermediate
      7. Aldehydes

         Nota:

         • Sporicidal activity Glutaraldehyde--less toxic Formaldehyde---more toxic---volatile---high biocidal
      8. Alcohols

         Nota:

         • Antiseptic &desinfectant Bactricidal against Myco Not sporicidal Advantage: Volatile--no residue Ethanol 70% Isopropanol
      9. Phenols

         Nota:

         • Disinfectant & preservative Rapidly bactricidal but not sporicidal Activity: ⬇️with dilution. ⬇️organic material PH---acidic Phenol(carbolic à)
2. Mode of action
   1. Highly reactive compounds

      Nota:

      • B-propiolactone--->in sterilization Ethylene oxide Both are gasses
   2. Cytoplasm

      Nota:

      • Ribosomes DNA RNA Enzymes
      1. Coagulation

         Nota:

         • التركيزات العالية من desinfectants Chlorohexidine phenol mercury salts--->coagulate the cytoplasm.
      2. Ribosomes

         Nota:

         • H2O2-->dissociate riobosomes into two subunits
      3. Nucleic à

         Nota:

         • Acridine dyes antiseptic زي Proflavine &acriflavine Prevent separation of double helix عن طريق الcross linkage No replication
      4. Thiol group

         Nota:

         • الحاجات اللي فاتت بالإضافة ل Chlorine releasing agents---> Oxidize thiol gp.
   3. Interaction with whole cell
      1. Change in electrophoretic mobility

         Nota:

         • Bacterial cell wall-->gm -ve. فبتتحرك ناحية الأنود لو اتضافت على water suspيحتوي على إلكترودات. Antimicrobial يؤثر على الشحنة الموجودة على bacterial cell wall.
      2. Adsorption

         Nota:

         • Affect cell wall function Impair transport Lead to cell lysis الأيودين يمتص على سطح ١-E.coli ٢-s.aureus ٣-sacch. Cervisiae الكلوروهيكسيدين يمتص على سطح ١،٢ adsorption---> Along the wall--non-specific.
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   4. Cell wall

      Nota:

      • Disruption & lysis.
   5. Cytoplasmic membrane
      1. Membrane Enzymes

         Nota:

         • 1-ATP Chlorohexidine--> Inhibit membrane ATPaseودابيمنع الanaerobic process. 2-thiol gp. : Mercuric chloride &bronopol-->inhibit enzymes in membrane&win cytoplasm,which contain thiol gp. The toxic action on cell thiol gp may be reversed by extrinsic thiol gp. As Cysteine or thioglycollic à.
      2. Membrane potentials

         Nota:

         • Proton motive force=potential-->responsible for permeability. الطاقة بتاع الخلية Some antimicrobial agents--> Dissipation of PMF يعني تشويهها Tetrachlorosalicylanilide Tricarbanilie Tri chloro carbinialide
      3. Membrane premiability

         Nota:

         • يؤثر على transport system بعض الantimicrobial Chlorohexidine cetrimide phenol hydroxyresorcinol بيسببو leakage في بعض المجموعات والعناصر المميزة كيميائياً مثل Potassium ion Amino à
3. Resistance
4. Resistance
5. Resistance
6. Resistance
7. Resistance
8. Resistance
9. Resistance
10. Resistance
11. Resistance