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Mapa Mental por alveekhan06, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por alveekhan06
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Mussolini
rise to power 1919-1922
- LIBERAL FAILURES- WW1- After end in Nov 1918, Treaty of St Germain was signed
in Sept 1919. Italy did not receive German colonies, Fiume and Dalmatia. Liberal
democracy was failing to translate their vision of a powerful Italy. Occupation of
Fiume conducted without violence (local general did not interfere) in 1919, led by
Nationalists, was popular among Italians. D'Annunzio and his soldiers became local
heroes. Some considered Giolitti's act of forcefully removing the soldiers (mid 1920)
and declaring Fiume as an independent state, to be an act of national betryal. WW1
failures of liberal government influenced the founding and programme of the Fasci di
Combattimento. National debt rose to 85 billion lire by 1919. Inflation led to cost of
living quadrupling. Economic problems and the "mutilated victory" allowed Mussolini to
offer an alternative to the already fragile security of Liberal politics.
- Fascist movement attracted serviceman who fought in WW1 stressing it was
an activist movement. Policies: 8 hour working day, Italy to take possession
Fiume and Dalmatia (post-war appeal).
- Fascist movement attracted serviceman who fought in WW1 stressing it was
an activist movement. Policies: 8 hour working day, Italy to take possession
Fiume and Dalmatia (post-war appeal).
- SQUADS AND VIOLENCE- Squadrismo turned the Fascist into a large-scale movement. Squads were modelled on military
units and each one was led by a ras. April 1919; the PSI held a large demonstration in Milan which led to clashes with
200-300 Fasci members, who then destroyed the office of Avanti.There was now a party who would actively fight against
the threat of socialism, thus received support from a variety of groups. Early 1922- Balbo reorganised the squads into a
national militant style force. Tested Facta's government by ejecting the authorities at Fiume and did similar illegal
expeditions across northern and central Italy.Gov failed to respond.
- OTHER POLITICAL OPPONENTS- Occupation of the factories (Sept 1920). Wage dispute led to a mass factory occupation
involving 400,000 workers. Industrialists were angry at passive nature of Giolitti. Also, By April (1920) Socialist
peasants had seized 27,000 hectares of farmland (PPI unions did similar things). Conservatives and landowners
felt threatened of a socialist movement; Mussolini's squads helped rural right to fight back against the socialists
and the PPI.
- MUSSOLINI- well connected, became self-appointed national spokesman of the squads, had his own
newspaper (The Italian People). Deal struck with Grandi and Balbo; November 1921, movement turned
into "National Fascist Party" (PNF). Fascism moved further to the right. (Willing to allow church to
emphasise its spiritual freedom). Support from "petty bourgeoisie" (lower middle-class). 1921- 13% of
Italy's students belonged to the PNF as it was new and exciting.
- MUSSOLINI dual policy- violence+offering assurances to key groups. Important in not
alienating groups and keeping radicals in PNF pleased. Sept 1922- speech to King
Emmanuel III claiming that the monarchy and Fascism could coexist (king could appoint
PM constitutionally). Assured key liberals that the PNF would act constitutionally.Worked
because leading liberals were more concerned about out-manouvering each other and
wanted to maintain relations with the PNF as it was evident that they would play a key
part in the next coalition government.
- Mussolini as an opportunist.- March on rome; 27/28 October, Fascists began assembling outside of
rome, already having seized northern and central cities not under PNF control. King Emmanuel III
reversed initial decision of imposing martial law. Salandra could not form gov without PNF support,
so on 30th October 1922 he appointed Mussolini as PM. Mussolini had been right in assuming the
King would not want a civil conflict. Display of political skill in using threat and liberal failures to
come into power.
- Mussolini as an opportunist.- March on rome; 27/28 October, Fascists began assembling outside of
rome, already having seized northern and central cities not under PNF control. King Emmanuel III
reversed initial decision of imposing martial law. Salandra could not form gov without PNF support,
so on 30th October 1922 he appointed Mussolini as PM. Mussolini had been right in assuming the
King would not want a civil conflict. Display of political skill in using threat and liberal failures to
come into power.
- MUSSOLINI dual policy- violence+offering assurances to key groups. Important in not
alienating groups and keeping radicals in PNF pleased. Sept 1922- speech to King
Emmanuel III claiming that the monarchy and Fascism could coexist (king could appoint
PM constitutionally). Assured key liberals that the PNF would act constitutionally.Worked
because leading liberals were more concerned about out-manouvering each other and
wanted to maintain relations with the PNF as it was evident that they would play a key
part in the next coalition government.
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