National 5 Biology

1. Fungal

   Nota:

   • Fungal Cells contain, Cell Wall, Cell Membrane, Nucleus, Ribosome, Cytoplasm, Mitochrondia, Vacuole
2. Bacterial

   Nota:

   • Bacterail Cells contain, Cell Wall, Cell Membrane, Ribosome, Cytoplasm, Plasmid
3. Plant

   Nota:

   • Plant Cells contain Cell Wall, Cell Membrane, Ribosome, Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Chloroplasts, Vacuole, Mitochondria
4. Animal

   Nota:

   • Animal Cells contain Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Ribosome, Mitochondria

1. Nucleus

   Nota:

   • The Nucleus contains all the genetic material in the cell, and controls cell activities. It is found in Animal, Plant and Fungal Cells.
2. Plasmid

   Nota:

   • A plasmid is a small ring of genetic material which is only found in bacterial cells.
3. Cell membrane

   Nota:

   • A cell membrane, is a selectiveley permeable layer which controls entry and exit of substances such as O2, CO2, Glucose and waste products.It is found in Animal, Plant, Fungal and Bacterial Cells.
4. Cytoplasm

   Nota:

   • The cytoplasm is watery, jelly like material in the cell which contains organelles, the cytoplasm is the site for chemical reactions. The Cytoplasm is found in Animal, Plant, Fungal and Bacterial Cells.
5. Cell Wall

   Nota:

   • The cell wall helps protect and support the cell. It is found in Plant, Fungal and Bacterial Cells. 
6. Vacuole

   Nota:

   • The vacuole is a sac which stores a solution of water, salt and sugar it helps support the cell. It is found in Plant and Fungal Cells.
7. Chloroplast

   Nota:

   • The Chloroplasts make carbohydrates in green plant cells using light energy in the process of photosynthesis. Only found in Plant Cells.
8. Mitochondria

   Nota:

   • Mitochondria(mitochondrion) produce ATP in aerobic respiration. Found in Animal, Plant, Fungal Cells.
9. Ribosome

   Nota:

   • Ribosomes are the sites for protein synthesis. Found in Animal, Plant, Fungal, Bacterial

Nota:

• Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration. They diffuse through the lipid bi-layer.  Glucose and Oxygen enter the cell by diffusion. Carbon Dioxide diffuses out of the cell.

1. Gas Diffuses
2. High to Low Gradient
3. Passive Process

Nota:

• Osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration. Water Travels through the channel protein in the selectively permeable membrane. 

1. Hypotonic

   Nota:

   • Animal cells burst, Plant cells become turgid. Hypotonic means that the solution contain the higher concentration of water
2. Isotonic

   Nota:

   • Nothing should happen. Isotonic means that the cell contains the same concentration as the solution
3. Hypertonic

   Nota:

   • Both animal and plant cells will become plasmolysed.  Hypertonic means the solution contains the lower concentration. 
4. Water travels by osmosis
5. High to Low Gradient

Nota:

• Active transport is the movement of molecules from a region of low concentration to a higher concentration. This can be carried out using carrier proteins.

1. Requires Energy
2. Low to High Gradient
3. Carrier Protein
4. Endo/Exocytosis

Nota:

• In the nucleus of most cells there is two matching sets of chromosomes, each set has been copied from the parents cell.

Nota:

• Haploid, (n) has 23 chromosomes,  Diploid (2n) has 46 chromosomes.