Unit 2 Coasts

Competition for Coasts
1. Coastal diversity
  1. Physical processes
    1. Land
      1. Shape of coast
      2. Relief
      3. Beach
      4. Structure
      5. Resistance of rocks
      6. Sub-aerial
      7. River sediments
      8. Coastal ecosystems
    2. Sea (marine)
      1. Coastal ecosystems
      2. Wave energy & direction
      3. Size and type of wave
      4. Local currents & longshore drift
      5. Tidal changes
      6. Water depth
      7. Offshore sediments
      8. Sea level changes
    3. Weather and Climate
      1. Wind strength & direction
      2. Rainfall and temperature
      3. Storms and surges
  2. Human activities
    1. Changes to natural systems
    2. Use of land for development
    3. Exploitation of resources
2. Coastal zone
  1. Processes and Landforms (from GCSE)
3. Coastal attractions
  1. Natural resources
    1. Coastal ecosystems
      1. Goods for survival
        e.g. meat, fish, building materials
      2. Services for survival
        e.g. flood protection, cycling of nutrients
    2. Minerals and landscape
4. Human development
  1. Growth of ports
    1. Communications services
  2. Growth of resorts
    1. Land use model
5. Case studies
  1. Lancashire Coastal Plain
  2. Bournemouth, Boscombe
  3. Some of: Blackpool, Benidorm, Australia, Florida
Pressure on Coasts
1. Development of coast
  1. Competing and conflicting uses
    1. Case studies
      1. Dorset, Lyme Bay (PA.221)
      2. Jurassic Coast (high value)
        Lulworth
        Studland
2. Natural Coastal Environments
  1. Coral reefs
  2. Mangroves
  3. Salt marshes
  4. Land reclamation
    1. Tokyo Bay
    2. Dubai
3. Economic Development
  1. Case studies
    1. Southampton Water
      1. Dibden Bay
Coasts at Risk
1. Tsunamis
  1. Asian 2004
  2. Japan Tohoku 2011
2. Coastal Erosion
  1. Case studies
    1. Barton-on-Sea
      1. Rapid erosion due to
        Rock type & structure
        Sediment loss/supply
        Pressure of development
        Wave fetch & direction
        Human intervention in natural systems
    2. Holderness
      1. Rapid erosion due to
        Rock type & structure
        Longshore drift
        Wave fetch & direction
        Human intervention in natural systems
3. Coastal Flooding
  1. Case studies
    1. East Coast of UK
    2. Thames Gateway
    3. Venice/Cotonou (sea level rise)
    4. Other examples
Coastal management
1. Hard engineering methods
  1. Groynes
  2. Sea walls
  3. Gabions
  4. Rip rap
  5. Cliff fixing
  6. Rock armour
  7. Cliff drainage
  8. Cliff regrading
2. Soft engineering methods
  1. Beach nourishment
  2. Beach re-profiling
  3. Dune regeneration
  4. Natural defences (mangroves)
  5. Offshore reefs
3. Strategies
  1. Hold the line
    1. Case studies
      1. Blackpool
      2. Barton-on-Sea
        Many methods in one location
      3. Holderness
        Range of strategies along a coastline
  2. Retreat the line
    1. Abbotts Hall Farm, Essex
    2. Porlock, Devon
  3. Advance the line
    1. Tokyo Bay, Dubai
4. Do nothing
  1. Parts of Holderness Coast - farmland
5. Sustainable future management
  1. Shoreline Management Plans
  2. Integrated Coastal Zone Management
  3. Sustainable strategies
6. Managing high value coastlines
  1. Jurassic Coast

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