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Planning
- Importance of planning
- It provides a means for managers to
participate in decision making for goals.
- It is necessary to provide the organisation with a
sense of direction.
- it helps with coordinate the functions of the various organisational
structures
- It provides a means for managers to
participate in decision making for goals.
- Steps in the planning process
- 1. Opportunity Awareness: diagnosing the organisations current capablities.
- 2. Establishing goals: its provides direction to the organisational goals
- 3. Drwaing up premises: what futures are exepected to occur.
- 4. Developing various courses of action: alternate ways to achieve goal.
- 5. Evaluating alternatives: in step 4 needs checked including factors
- 6. Selecting a course of action: results from Step 5.
- 7. Formulative Derivative plans: drawing plans which support the initial plan.
- 8. Budgeting: establish resources to achieve goals of the organisations.
- 1. Opportunity Awareness: diagnosing the organisations current capablities.
- Barriers to effective planning:
- A Number of barriers to effective planning
- Lack of Environmental knowledge
- Lack of organisational knowledge
- Reluctance to establish goals
- Resistance to change
- Time and Expense
- Lack of Environmental knowledge
- they can be overcome by:
- Top management's commitment to planning process the provisional
effective long term plans
- Management should recognise the limitations
of planning and understand to thta plans will
require adjustments ongoing basis
- Management should ensure effective communication
of organisational plans at all levels.
- The Benefits of a contingency planning should recognised by
organisations.
- Top management's commitment to planning process the provisional
effective long term plans
- A Number of barriers to effective planning
- Planning Tools
- PERT (Programme Evalution & Review Technique)
- aids with planning of projects through establishing a network of the project tasks
- aids with planning of projects through establishing a network of the project tasks
- Forecasting
- provides projections into the future
conditions based on current and
historical information
- provides projections into the future
conditions based on current and
historical information
- Budgeting
- is plan dealt for the future.
- is plan dealt for the future.
- Scheduling
- a Gantt chart serves to break a project down into smaller tasks.
- a Gantt chart serves to break a project down into smaller tasks.
- PERT (Programme Evalution & Review Technique)
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