Hannah De Ocampo
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developmental psychology, SFU

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Hannah De Ocampo
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Psyc 250 Final

Psyc 250 Final

Pregunta 1 de 90

1

The first signs of superego development appear during which stage of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • the oral stage

  • the anal stage

  • the phallic stage

  • the genital stage

Explicación

Pregunta 2 de 90

1

Each of Erikson's stages is characterized by

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • the intervention of a caregiver or mentor

  • a crisis that the individual must resolve

  • individual goal-setting

  • mastery of social skills, however rudimentary

Explicación

Pregunta 3 de 90

1

Which of these best describes a parenting style influenced by Watson's theories?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • rigid and strict

  • overprotective

  • permissive

  • child-centered

Explicación

Pregunta 4 de 90

1

According to Skinner, everything we do in life is an operant response influenced by

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • the immediate sociocultural context

  • the outcomes of past behaviour

  • the behaviour of peers

  • behaviour modification

Explicación

Pregunta 5 de 90

1

Social learning theory emphasizes ____ as the primary mechanisms of development

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • observation and imitation

  • genetic encoding

  • reinforcement

  • social influences

Explicación

Pregunta 6 de 90

1

Bandura's Bobo doll experiment demonstrated

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • the pleasure principle

  • vicarious reinforcement

  • operant conditioning

  • basic trust versus mistrust

Explicación

Pregunta 7 de 90

1

Dodge's approach to social cognition centers on the use of ____ as a problem-solving strategy

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • negotiation

  • role-taking

  • aggression

  • the "generalized other"

Explicación

Pregunta 8 de 90

1

According to Dweck, whether a child meets a new challenge with a sense of excitement or with a sense of anxiety depends on that child's

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • skill level

  • achievement motivation

  • parental engagement

  • level of internalization

Explicación

Pregunta 9 de 90

1

A person with an entity view of intelligence believes that his or her intelligence level:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • is based on family circumstances

  • can change with effort

  • rises and falls on a continuum

  • is fixed and unchangeable

Explicación

Pregunta 10 de 90

1

What is the term used to describe the study of behaviour within an evolutionary context?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • ethology

  • biology

  • sociology

  • mesosystem

Explicación

Pregunta 11 de 90

1

Parental-investment theory stresses the ___ basis of many aspects of parental behaviour

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • evolutionary

  • empirical

  • behaviourist

  • bioecological

Explicación

Pregunta 12 de 90

1

Lisa's peers are picking on her at recess because she wears glasses. Which level of Bronfenbrenner's biological model is affecting Lisa?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • the macrosystem

  • the exosystem

  • the microsystem

  • the mesosystem

Explicación

Pregunta 13 de 90

1

Which level of Bronfenbrenner's model would account for how changes in a society's customs over time affect the development of a child?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • macrosystem

  • exosystem

  • chronosystem

  • mesosystem

Explicación

Pregunta 14 de 90

1

At which level of Bronfenbrenner's model do the consequences of child maltreatment primarily manifest themselves?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • microsystem

  • exosystem

  • macrosystem

  • mesosystem

Explicación

Pregunta 15 de 90

1

According to Caspi and colleagues, children who possess a particular variant of the MAOA gene are ___ to the negative effects of child abuse.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • completely immune

  • especially susceptible

  • more resilient

  • slightly more prone

Explicación

Pregunta 16 de 90

1

Which of the following statements best summarizes the findings by Mischel and his colleagues from their famous marshmallow test?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The ability to exhibit self-control early in life can predict success later in life

  • The ability to experience and express emotion is a result of human evolution

  • Individuals experience emotions in order to manage their relationship with their environment

  • Infants across all cultures are born with the ability to express the six human basic emotions

Explicación

Pregunta 17 de 90

1

Tom is walking down the street and suddenly encounters a dog that is crouched and growling. Tom begins to perspire, his breathing quickens, and his heart rate increases. This reaction is an example of which component of emotion?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • neural responses

  • physiological factors

  • subjective feelings

  • the desire to take action

Explicación

Pregunta 18 de 90

1

The notion that humans have evolved to experience a basic set of emotions through adaptation to their surroundings is central to which theory?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • discrete emotions theory

  • functionalist perspective theory

  • the AFFEX approach

  • display rules theory

Explicación

Pregunta 19 de 90

1

How do self-conscious emotions differ from the set of basic emotions discussed in this chapter?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Self-conscious emotions are thought to be innate

  • Self-conscious emotions tend to occur very early in infancy

  • Self-conscious emotions develop after the child has acquired a sense of himself as separate from others

  • Self-conscious emotions have a consistently negative effect on development

Explicación

Pregunta 20 de 90

1

Based on your understanding of the chapter, how would a 12-month-old respond to a novel stimulus in a given situation if his or her parent expressed positive emotion?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The infant is likely to stay near his or her parent

  • The infant is likely to move closer to the novel stimulus

  • The infant will stay in between the parent and novel stimulus

  • The infant will show a fear response and avoid the novel stimulus

Explicación

Pregunta 21 de 90

1

____ refer(s) to an individual's ability to understand their own emotions, as well as the emotions of others.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Emotion regulation

  • Temperament traits

  • Display rules

  • Emotional intelligence

Explicación

Pregunta 22 de 90

1

____ refer(s) to the social and cultural norms related to emotion expression

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Emotion regulation

  • Temperamental traits

  • Display rules

  • Emotional intelligence

Explicación

Pregunta 23 de 90

1

An infant is startled by a loud noise and begins to cry. Her mother calms her by playing with her and speaking soothingly to her. This interaction is an example of ____.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • co-regulation

  • self-comforting

  • emotion socialization

  • co-rumination

Explicación

Pregunta 24 de 90

1

A decreased reliance on self-comforting behaviours, an increased ability to inhibit motor behaviour, and an improved ability to distract oneself when distressed are all the result of developments in ____.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • emotional intelligence

  • emotion regulation

  • temperament

  • social competence

Explicación

Pregunta 25 de 90

1

Which of the following is not one of the five key dimensions of temperament, according to research by Marx Rothbart?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • disgust

  • smiling

  • attention span

  • fear

Explicación

Pregunta 26 de 90

1

Twin studies conducted by Lemery-Chalfant and colleagues have led to which important conclusion regarding temperament?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Temperament is most strongly affected by environmental factors

  • Temperament is completely determined by genetic factors

  • Temperament is determined more by genes than environment

  • Genes and environment play an equal role in determining temperament

Explicación

Pregunta 27 de 90

1

Researchers conducting Tronick's famous Still-Face Paradigm found that during the distressing still-face episodes, infants spent very little time looking at their mothers. This response is an example of which of the following behaviours?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • anxiety disorder

  • self-distraction

  • self-comforting

  • co-rumination

Explicación

Pregunta 28 de 90

1

What are two components of mental health?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • genetics and environment

  • physical health and emotional stability

  • internal well-being and external relationships

  • parents and peers

Explicación

Pregunta 29 de 90

1

Two 6 year old boys, Cal and Sam, accompany their class to the library. Sam grabs a book from the shelf and sits quietly to read. Cal is unable to sit still or quietly and ends up disrupting other children. The different reactions that these two boys have to this situation are the result of ____.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • emotion socialization

  • goodness of fit

  • toxic stress

  • differential susceptibility

Explicación

Pregunta 30 de 90

1

The fact that a variety of factors can each lead to a given mental disorder is known as ____.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • multifinality

  • equifinality

  • differential susceptibility

  • rumination

Explicación

Pregunta 31 de 90

1

Critical to an infant's growth is the development of a positive emotional connection to a primary caregiver, such as a parent. This enduring emotional bond is known as ____.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • co-regulation

  • attachment

  • co-dependency

  • imprinting

Explicación

Pregunta 32 de 90

1

In both Harlow's work with rhesus monkeys and Ainsworth's Strange Situation paradigm, researchers observed the baby monkey or child continually return to the mother after exploring an unfamiliar space or situation. This behaviour is an example of:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • disoriented behaviour

  • ambivalent attachment

  • secure attachment

  • parental sensitivity

Explicación

Pregunta 33 de 90

1

According to attachment theory as proposed by John Bowlby, which of the following is an example of a child in the attachment-in-the-making phase?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Juan favors his father more than others and tends to laugh and smile more in his presence

  • Ava is easily soothed by anyone who picks her up when she cries

  • Devon actively seeks the company of his grandmother and is emboldened to explore the environment in her presence

  • Serena shows a clear preference for her mother and demonstrates visible distress upon separation

Explicación

Pregunta 34 de 90

1

Three attachment types were initially identified in research by Mary Ainsworth. Which attachment type was later added to categorize those that did not fit well into Ainsworth's initial three categories?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • securely attached

  • disorganized/disoriented

  • insecure/resistant

  • insecure/avoidant

Explicación

Pregunta 35 de 90

1

Which measure of attachment security pays careful attention to children's reactions to their caregivers after a separation?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • attachment Q-Sort

  • inventory of parent and peer attachment

  • Strange Situation

  • internal working model

Explicación

Pregunta 36 de 90

1

A father who responds quickly to the needs of his child and shows emotional warmth by smiling, laughing, and communicating positively to his child is demonstrating:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • caregiver responsibility

  • reciprocal attachment

  • parental security

  • parental sensitivity

Explicación

Pregunta 37 de 90

1

Studies have shown that the link between attachment security and genetic make-up:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • disappears by adulthood

  • can be differentially impacted by the quality of the child's environment

  • can be changed by altering the levels of oxytocin in the brain

  • is proof that genetic markers cause specific attachment security types

Explicación

Pregunta 38 de 90

1

____ involves a person's overall subjective evaluation of oneself and the feelings associated with that evaluation.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • self-esteem

  • self-concept

  • self-reflection

  • self-measure

Explicación

Pregunta 39 de 90

1

Two year old Lani walks by a mirror and notices chocolate around her mouth. She uses the bottom of her shirt to carefully wipe it off. Lani is displaying ____.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • self-recognition

  • self-consciousness

  • self-determination

  • self-esteem

Explicación

Pregunta 40 de 90

1

Susan Harter that a child's sense of self-concept:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • is a social construct influenced in large part by the evaluations of others

  • is an innate sense that is based entirely on evolutionary mechanisms

  • does not begin to emerge until middle childhood, around the ages of 6-9 years

  • is fully developed by the time the child enters elementary school, at about age 6

Explicación

Pregunta 41 de 90

1

As children's cognitive abilities increase, their self-concepts shift from focusing on ____ characteristics to ____ qualities

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • physical; concrete

  • abstract; personal

  • personal; psychological

  • concrete; abstract

Explicación

Pregunta 42 de 90

1

Self-concept in adolescence is characterized by a reemergence of a form of egocentrism, exemplified by the individual overly differentiating his or her feelings from those of others. This type of egocentrism is called the:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • looking-glass self

  • personal fable

  • imaginary audience

  • introspective mirror

Explicación

Pregunta 43 de 90

1

According to James Marcia's theory of identity development, which stage is noted by the exploration of identity status?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • identity diffusion

  • identity foreclosure

  • confusion

  • moratorium

Explicación

Pregunta 44 de 90

1

Which of the following statements is not true about racial and ethnic identity during adolescence?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The more an adolescent identifies with his or her ethnic and racial identity, the lower his or her self-esteem

  • Minority-group members can face challenges in adopting the values of their ethnic group or those of the dominant culture

  • Because they may have had early experiences with discrimination, ethnic- and racial-minority adolescents may feel ambivalent about their own ethnic status

  • Development of a bicultural identity can lead to positive benefits for some minority youth and can lead to challenges for others

Explicación

Pregunta 45 de 90

1

For sexual minority youth, the process of first recognition is noted by:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • feelings of alienation resulting from the realization that they are different from others

  • a preference for social interaction with other sexual-minority individuals

  • an individual's first experience with same-sex sexual activities

  • an individual's initial disclosure about his/her sexual identity

Explicación

Pregunta 46 de 90

1

According to Piaget, which of the following factors is most influential in the development of children's moral reasoning?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • interactions with peers

  • adult influence

  • societal norms

  • heredity

Explicación

Pregunta 47 de 90

1

Luis does not write on his desk because the rules of the classroom forbid it, and he wants to set a good example for his classmates. According to Kohlberg's hierarchy, Luis is in which stage of moral development?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • universal ethical principles

  • punishment and obedience orientation

  • instrumental and exchange orientation

  • social system and conscience orientation

Explicación

Pregunta 48 de 90

1

Sarah is mad and wants to break her mother's favorite vase. However, she doesn't want to get in trouble for her actions, so she decides to punch a pillow instead. According to Kohlberg's hierarchy, Sarah is in which level of moral development?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • preconventional

  • developmental

  • conventional

  • postconventional

Explicación

Pregunta 49 de 90

1

In discussions of moral development, prosocial behaviour is best defined as:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • behaviour based on personal benefit

  • voluntary behaviour intended to benefit another

  • actions that contribute to society as a whole

  • behaviour intended to win approval

Explicación

Pregunta 50 de 90

1

Children develop a conscience:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • through identification with the same-gender parent, at about age 4-6

  • slowly over time, affected by parental disciplinary practices

  • in a discontinuous process

  • in a standard sequence, regardless of parental practices

Explicación

Pregunta 51 de 90

1

For children with a specific variant of the gene SLC6A4, low maternal responsiveness is associated with high levels of conscience in early childhood. This pattern is an example of ____.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Piaget's stages of moral development

  • Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning

  • goodness of fit between temperament and environment

  • prosocial behaviour

Explicación

Pregunta 52 de 90

1

Which of the following has been shown to influence the development of conscience?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • parental discipline style

  • genetic factors

  • temperament

  • all of the above

Explicación

Pregunta 53 de 90

1

At approximately what age do children begin to believe that it is more important to follow moral rules than social conventions?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • 12 months

  • 6 years

  • 12 years

  • 3 years

Explicación

Pregunta 54 de 90

1

Jaden is playing with a toy car. Sam comes over and takes it from her, which makes Jaden sad. Omar watches this happen and feels sad as well. Omar is displaying what kind of emotional response?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • sympathy

  • prosocial behaviour

  • altruism

  • empathy

Explicación

Pregunta 55 de 90

1

Cooperation is a form of prosocial behaviour that may be driven by both sympathy and a child's sense of ____.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • shame

  • empathy

  • fairness

  • justice

Explicación

Pregunta 56 de 90

1

Which of the following has been shown to influence the development of prosocial tendencies?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • parental discipline style

  • genetic factors

  • temperament

  • all of the above

Explicación

Pregunta 57 de 90

1

Physical aggression is normative in development and increases in frequency beginning at around ____ of age

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • 5-6 years

  • 6 months

  • 18 months

  • 3 years

Explicación

Pregunta 58 de 90

1

Severe antisocial and aggressive behaviours, such as cruelty to animals and patterns of of bullying, are examples of _____.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • conduct disorder

  • reactive aggression

  • oppositional defiant disorder

  • negative youth development

Explicación

Pregunta 59 de 90

1

In the school cafeteria, Lynn pushes other children out of the way in order to get ahead in the line. What type of aggression is Lynn using?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • reactive

  • proactive

  • antisocial

  • relational

Explicación

Pregunta 60 de 90

1

During which stage of development is aggression influenced more by environment than by hereditary factors?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • adolescence

  • early childhood

  • infancy

  • adulthood

Explicación

Pregunta 61 de 90

1

Gender typing refers to:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • the identification of an individual based on sex chromosomes

  • an individual's personal identification as male, female, or neither

  • the process of gender socialization that occurs during development

  • the genetic forces that determine an individual's sex during prenatal development

Explicación

Pregunta 62 de 90

1

The assertion that the tendency for girls to play with dolls is the result of an evolved predisposition toward maternal care is based on the premise of which theory?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • evolutionary psychology theory

  • biosocial theory

  • social learning theory

  • gender schema theory

Explicación

Pregunta 63 de 90

1

Which of the following statements represents a major difference between evolutionary psychology theory and biosocial theory?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • biosocial theory does not account for the influence of evolutionary forces in gender differences

  • evolutionary psychology theory places greater emphasis on the physical differences between the sexes

  • biosocial theory places greater emphasis on the capacity for behavioural flexibility influenced by social and technological factors

  • evolutionary psychology theory asserts that, from an evolutionary perspective, there are no significant differences between the sexes

Explicación

Pregunta 64 de 90

1

Exposure to high levels of prenatal androgens in genetic females may influence the development of their nervous system in such a way that results in certain cross-gender-typed behaviours. This example demonstrates the effect of _____.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • activating influences

  • cisgender disposition

  • organizing influences

  • self-socialization

Explicación

Pregunta 65 de 90

1

Kohlberg proposed that there are three stages of children's understanding of gender: gender identity, gender stability, and gender constancy. Which of the following statements is most representative of gender constancy?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • "Girls can have babies, boys cannot."

  • "I am a boy today, but could be a girl tomorrow."

  • "Even if I cut my hair and dress like a boy, I am a girl."

  • "I will always be a girl."

Explicación

Pregunta 66 de 90

1

The complex web of influences - including gender, sexual orientation, race, social class, and other group affiliations - that shape an individual's social identity and experiences is known as ____.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • gender schema

  • in-group assimilation

  • intersectionality

  • collaboration

Explicación

Pregunta 67 de 90

1

Alex is a 6 year old boy. His father disapproves when Alex plays with his sister's dolls, but happily engages with him when Alex plays with trucks. This scenario is an example of the influence of ____ in shaping Alex's gender identity.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • observational learning

  • collaboration

  • enactive experience

  • intersectionality

Explicación

Pregunta 68 de 90

1

Gender segregation refers to:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • the tendency of young children to associate with same-gender peers and avoid other-gender peers

  • the difference between the sexes in cognitive and behavioural tendencies

  • the tendency for an individual to engage in gender-typed behaviours

  • the tendency of an individual to retain information that is gender schema-consistent

Explicación

Pregunta 69 de 90

1

The tendency of adolescents to integrate elements of traditional gender roles into their personal values, which can lead to increased gender discrimination, is known as _____.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • gender-role flexibility

  • gender-role intensification

  • assimilation

  • collaboration

Explicación

Pregunta 70 de 90

1

The gender similarities hypothesis emphasizes that in areas of cognitive behaviours and social abilities:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • all measurable differences between the sexes are trivial

  • boys and girls develop on parallel but unequal tracks

  • similarities between boys and girls far outweigh differences

  • differences between boys and girls outweigh similarities

Explicación

Pregunta 71 de 90

1

Which of the following statements regarding physical maturation is not true?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Genetic and environmental factors significantly affect the variability in physical maturation seen among individuals of both sexes

  • The gender gap in physical and motor skills greatly increases as a result of puberty

  • Despite the physical changes that occur during puberty, researchers have found no evidence of similar psychological or behavioural changes

  • Researchers have found cross-cultural evidence of patterns of body image and eating disorders related to puberty

Explicación

Pregunta 72 de 90

1

The combined influence of gender stereotypes and a child's own perceived competence in a given academic subject is described by which of the following theories?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • gender intensification model

  • evolutionary psychology theory

  • expectancy-value model of achievement

  • Piaget's theory of gender development

Explicación

Pregunta 73 de 90

1

Small but consistent gender differences have been found in all of the following domains except ____.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • self-concept

  • general intelligence

  • communication skills

  • mental spatial rotation tasks

Explicación

Pregunta 74 de 90

1

An individual who is high in both assertion and affiliation is likely to display which of the following communication styles?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • collaboration

  • withdrawal

  • obliging statements

  • controlling statements

Explicación

Pregunta 75 de 90

1

Rose is a 9 year old girl. She strongly prefers wearing t-shirts and jeans to dresses and other 'girly' clothes. She loves sports and hates playing with dolls.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • gender-role intensification

  • cross-gender-typed behaviour

  • cisgender modeling

  • gender segregation

Explicación

Pregunta 76 de 90

1

Which of the following statements accurately describes the interaction of nature and nurture?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Nature does its work before birth, and nurture takes over only after birth.

  • Nature's influence continues through infancy before giving way to the influence of nurture.

  • Nature and nurture begin interacting on the fetus in the womb and both continue to shape the individual's development throughout life

  • The role that both nature and nurture play in development is often overstated

Explicación

Pregunta 77 de 90

1

Which of the following is an example of the crucial role that timing plays in the potential impact of a teratogen?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The diet of a pregnant mother will influence taste preferences that the fetus will exhibit after birth.

  • By age 12 months, infants lose the ability to hear the difference between similar sounds that they do not encounter on a regular basis

  • A virus will cause damage to the development of a fetus if contracted by the pregnant mother at specific sensitive times during pregnancy

  • It is more difficult for children older than 11 or 12 years of age to gain competence in a new language than it is for younger children

Explicación

Pregunta 78 de 90

1

The emerging field of epigenetics has helped to explain the ways in which a child's environment can influence gene expression. Which of the following is an example of this interaction?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Children with certain types of brain damage will perform on par with other children on IQ tests up to a certain age, but will fall behind after that point.

  • It is more difficult for children older than 11 or 12 years of age to gain competence in a new language than it is for younger children

  • A child who loses capability in one sense such as sight, will often compensate with enhanced ability in another sense

  • The amount of stress that a mother experiences during her child's infancy can affect that child's ability to regulate reaction to stress later in life.

Explicación

Pregunta 79 de 90

1

Looking preferences, self initiated activities, self-socialization, and even the manner in which infants react to their parents are all examples of:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • the active role children play in their development

  • the greater influence that nurture plays compared with nature in child development

  • the ways in which development is discontinuous

  • the ways in which the sociocultural context shapes development

Explicación

Pregunta 80 de 90

1

Which of the following is an example of the theme of the active child?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • the stability of IQ scores on average tends to increase with age

  • stressful maternal experiences, such as a periodic shortage of food at certain points during pregnancy, will influence the future physical development of the child

  • Children who exhibit preoperational reasoning in some contexts may also exhibit concrete operational reasoning in others

  • Children who are better able to regulate their emotions tend to be more socially competent, and therefore elicit more positive reactions from other people, than those who are less skilled at emotion regulation

Explicación

Pregunta 81 de 90

1

Piaget's theory of cognitive development, Freud's theory of psychosexual development, and Erikson's theory of psychosocial development are all examples of:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • social learning theory

  • the stage approach to development

  • theories based on an empiricist perspective of development

  • theories based on the nativist approach to child development

Explicación

Pregunta 82 de 90

1

An infant's attachment to his or her mother will more reliably predict that child's long-term security if there are no significant disruptions in the home environment. This example illustrates:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • the degree to which genetic influence on individual differences tends to decrease over time

  • how continuity in individual differences is influenced by continuity in the environment

  • the manner in which sociocultural differences exert influence on cognitive development

  • the role of domain-specific learning mechanisms in child development

Explicación

Pregunta 83 de 90

1

Which of the following statements accurately expresses a key understanding regarding the continuity and discontinuity of development?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Child psychologists today generally believe that, for the vast majority of traits, development occurs in a discontinuous manner

  • Very few individual differences in psychological properties show stability over time

  • Contrary to the theories by early behavioural psychologists like Piaget and Erikson, developmental processes rarely show a great deal of continuity

  • The apparent continuity or discontinuity of a given developmental trait depends on the timescale on which it is considered

Explicación

Pregunta 84 de 90

1

Before writing an essay, a child first considers what readers already know about the topic. Which of the four general information-processing mechanisms is illustrated by this example?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • strategy formation

  • basic processes

  • metacognition

  • content knowledge

Explicación

Pregunta 85 de 90

1

Which of the following statements is not true of the development of a child's cognitive abilities?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • A child's content knowledge in a given area can outweigh an adult's general intellectual ability

  • Statistical learning emerges in middle childhood after the child has begun to understand basic mathematical properties

  • Understanding basic causal relationships allows children to infer explanations for a wide variety of observations

  • Knowing multiple strategies for achieving goals helps children adapt to different problems and situations they will face

Explicación

Pregunta 86 de 90

1

Babies who grow in African tribes that strongly encourage infants' motor development tend to walk and reach other motor milestones earlier than do infants in the United States. This is an example of the effect of ____ on development

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • change mechanisms

  • historical change

  • discontinuity

  • the sociocultural context

Explicación

Pregunta 87 de 90

1

Which of the following is not a reason why demographic variables such as gender, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are particularly useful to child development researchers?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Each of these variables relates directly to a wide variety of other individual differences

  • These variables tend to remain stable over time

  • These variables have been shown to be a reliable predictor of some future outcomes

  • These variables tend to be unaffected by environmental factors

Explicación

Pregunta 88 de 90

1

Which of the following is an important contribution that Piaget's theory has made to children's education?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Piaget helped to delineate the interactions between a child's genes and their environment

  • Piaget' theory emphasizes the importance of the child's active involvement in the learning process

  • Piaget brought attention to the role that cultural influences play in a child's learning

  • Piaget explained cognitive development in terms of a continuous process, rather than as a series of stages

Explicación

Pregunta 89 de 90

1

Habituation is a learning process in which a child becomes familiar with a repeated stimulus. This process can motivate the child to seek out new stimulation. Besides illustrating the role of behavioural mechanisms in a child's development, this example also demonstrates which other theme of child development?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The sociocultural context of an individual's development

  • The role of the active child

  • The discontinuity of change over time

  • The influence of nature over nurture

Explicación

Pregunta 90 de 90

1

What is meant by the following statement? Individual differences are not randomly distributed.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • A child's performance in one area of development will predict the child's achievement in another, related area

  • A child's genotype will always exert a stronger influence on the child's outcomes than any environmental factors

  • Each individual child is different from all other children

  • A child's performance on one measure of intelligence will not predict the child's performance in another

Explicación

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