Created by pancakejoe125
about 9 years ago
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Question | Answer |
Covalent Bond | Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms |
Ionic Bond | Any 2 ions of opposite charge |
When an atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom, the electrons of the bond are not shared equally | Polar Covalent |
Attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom | Hydrogen Bond |
Cohesion | Hydrogen bonds hold the substance together |
Hydrophilic | Loves Water |
Hydrophobic | Hates Water |
Dissolving agent of a solution | Solvent |
liquid that is completely homogeneous mixture of 2 or ore substances | solution |
Substance that is being dissolved | Solute |
pH of Acid | Ranges 0-6 |
pH of Base | Ranges 8-14 |
compounds formed ny ionic bonds | Ionic compound |
Isomers | Compunds that have the same number of atoms of the same element, but different structures and properties |
Enzymes | specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions |
Monomers are connected by a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other, with a loss of a water molecule | Dehydration reaction |
Carbohydrates | Sugars and polymers of sugar |
Monosaccharides | generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple unit CH20(carbon water). Glucose is the most common. |
Disaccharides | 2 monosaccrides joined by a glycosidic linkage |
Glycogen | polymer of glucose that is like amylopectin but extensively branced. |
Saturated fatty acid | fatty acid saturated with Hydrogen. |
Unsaturated fats | Has one or more double bonds, with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double bonded Carbon. |
3 Domains 4 Kingdoms | Domains: Eukaryotes, Archaea, and Bacteria Kingdoms: Animalia, Fungi, Proteins, and Plants |
Neutral solution | H+ (acid), OH- (Base) = 10^-7 = Ph of 7 |
Stanley Miller | Try to reanact in lab what the anicent world world would be like. He was able to get Organic molecules from InOrganic molecules |
7 Function Groups with Carbon | 1. Hydroxyl (OH) 2. Carbonyl 3.Carboxyl 4. Amino (Acts as a base) 5. Sulphydryl 6. Phosphate 7. Methyl |
Lipids | 1. Fatty Acids 2. Steriods 3. Phospholipids |
Fatty Acids | Long Carbon skeleton; Carbon at the end of the skeletol part is part of the Carboxyl group |
Phospholipids | Phosphate group attached to the last Carbon. Commonly found in cell membrane in hydrophylic head and hydrophobic tail. Both are called Amphipatic |
Steriods | Cholestrol; 4 Carbon rings, joined to something. |
How many Amino Acids? | 20 Amino Acids |
Primary Sructure of Protein | Protein is linked series of amino acids with a unquie sequence. |
Secoundary Structure of Protein | results of hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide bond. |
Teritary Structure of Protein | Overall shape of polypeptitde resulting from interactions between the sire chain (Rgroup) of the various amino acids |
Quaterary Structure of Protein | Structure results from the aggegation of the polypeptitdes sub unit |
Protein Synthesis Process | DNA (store in nucleues, get message synthesize) > RNA (Takes place in cytoplasm of cell) > Proteins |
Prokaryotic Cell | Lacking a true nucleus and the other membrane. |
Eukaryotic Cell | Most of the DNA is in the nucleus |
Nuclear Envelope | Encloses the nucleus, seperating it from the cytoplasm |
Nuclear Lamnia | Netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope. |
Nucleolus | Prominent structure within the nondividing nucleus. |
Ribosomes | Complexes made of Ribosomal RNA and protein, are the cellular compents that carry out protein synthesis |
Endomembrane system | different membranes in Eukaryotic cells: Nucleus envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and plasma membrane |
Endoplasmic Reticulum | Network of membranes that it account for more than half of the total membrane in Eukaryotic cells |
Smooth ER & Rough ER | Smooth - Synthesis of Lipids, Metabolism of Carbohydrates, detox of posions and drugs, and storage of calcium ions Rough - Many cells secrete proteins that are produced by ribosomes attached to the rough ER. |
Golgi Apparatus | Warehouse for receiving, sorting, shipping, and even some manufacturing. flattened membranous sacs. |
Lysosome | Membrane sac of Hydrolytic enzymes that many eukaryotic cells use to digest macromolecules. |
Mitochondria | the sites of cellular respiration, the metabolic process that uses oxygen to drive the generation of ATP by extrating energy from sugar, fats, and other fuels. |
Cytoskeleton | Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm. |
Microfilaments | Thin solid rods. Built from molecules of actin, a globular protein. |
Pseudophodia | Cell crawls along a surface by extending cellular extensions. |
Cytoplasmic streaming | Circular flow of cytoplasm within cells |
Selective permiability | Decideds what goes in and what goes out |
Fibronectin | Protein on the outside that connect to transmembrane (communicate) |
Functions of membrane proteins | Transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell to cell recognition, etc. |
Transport proteins | Go all the way through the membrane |
Diffusion | Movement of particles of any substance so that they spread out into avaliable space |
Hypotonic, isotonic, and Hypotonic (In a animal cell) | Hypo - lysed (explode) Hyper - shrivel Iso - normal |
Hypotonic, isotonic, and Hypotonic In a plant cell | Hypo - turgid (normal) Hyper - plasmolyzed Iso - flaccid |
Osmoregulation | Controls the solute concentrations and water balance |
Facilitated diffusion | When polar molecules and ions impeded by the lipids bilateral of the membrane diffuse passively with the help of transport proteins that span the membrane |
Active transport | Movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration. |
Passive transport | Substances diffuse spontaneously down their concentration gradients, crossing a membrane with no expenditure of energy by the cells |
Exocytosis | Cell secretes certain biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane |
Cotransport | Active transport driven by a concentration gradient |
Tonicity | Ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water |
Discovery science is primarily based on | Observation |
What is a Hypothesis? | Tentative explination |
How does hypothesis differ from theory? | Theories are more comprehensive than hypothesis |
Hydrogen and Oxygen are held together by___ | Covalent Bonds |
Temperature usually increases when water condenses. What type of behavior is this? | release of heat by formation of hydrogen bonds |
Water is able to form hydrogen bonds because ___ | bonds hold ___ atoms in a water of polar covalent bonds |
Water freezes | atoms move farther apart |
Why are Carbohydrates insoluble in water? | Majority of their bonds are nonpolar |
What is the best way to make a molecules less acidic? | - add Amino (it accepts hydrogen) |
Compounds contains Hydroxyl groups as predominat function group. What is true concerning compound? | It should dissolve in water |
What is Saturated fats? | fats saturated with Hydrogen |
Galactose is a ____. | Monomer |
quaternary structure of a protein | Composed of 2 or more polypeptide chains |
Eukaryotic cells | DNA > RNA > Proteins |
If cell lysosomes burst, the cell will | digest itself |
Which part of the cell is considered the shipping department of a company? | Golgi Apparatus |
What is the name given to organelles that manufacture components of Ribosomes? | Nucleolus |
A cell that has a Cell Wall and a Nucleus is? | A plant cell |
Which of the following types of molecules are major structural components of a Cell Membrane? | Phospholipids and proteins |
Hypotonic solution in an animal cell will | Lyse |
What kind of molecules pass through a cell membrane easily? | Small and Hydrophobic |
Which statement is correct about diffusion? | Passage Process |
Isotopes of atoms differ in their number of ___ | Neutrons |
An integral membrane protein would be | Amphipathic |
What Molecules act as building blocks (monomers) of polypeptides (proteins) | Amino Acids, Amino groups, and Carboxylic (i think its Carboxylic? or Carboxyl) |
Impossible covalently bonded molecules |
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