ch 5

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Flashcards on ch 5, created by Agasana Viengmany on 29/09/2017.
Agasana Viengmany
Flashcards by Agasana Viengmany, updated more than 1 year ago
Agasana Viengmany
Created by Agasana Viengmany about 7 years ago
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Heart is located in a space called the... The mediastinum is an area in the chest (thoracic) cavity between the lungs; it primarily contains the trachea, esophagus, and the heart and the large vessels of the heart
3 Layers of the Heart (starting from the innermost layer) 1. epicardium – the outer protective layer of the heart, synonymous with visceral pericardium (inner layer of the sac) 2. myocardium – the thick, contractile, muscular middle layer of the heart 3. endocardium – the thin inner layer of the heart that is continuous with the lining of blood vessels
Pericardium tough, double layered sac that surrounds the heart
Two layers of Pericardium 1. parietal pericardium – an outer tougher layer 2. visceral pericardium – an inner layer that adheres tightly to the heart (aka epicardium)
cardiovascular system, also called the circulatory system maintains the distribution of blood throughout the body;consists of the heart and all the blood vessels in the body
Oxygenated blood Blood leaving the heart is rich in oxygen
deoxygenated blood Blood coming back from systemic circulation is oxygen poor
3 Divisons of Cardiovascular circulation 1. systemic circulation - carries oxygenated blood away from heart to tissues and cells and then back to heart 2. Pulmonary circulation - between the heart and lungs transports deoxygenated blood to lungs to get oxygen and then back to heart 3. Coronary/cardiac circulation- heart and arteries and veins circulate blood to and from the muscles
pericardial cavity a serous fluid-filled cavity between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium
shunt to divert; to turn off to one side
vasodilation dilation a blood vessel
vasoconstriction constriction of blood vessel
right atrium blood returning from systemic circulation enters this chamber via the superior and inferior vena cava (veins) and is then delivered to the right ventricle with the first contraction of every heart beat (Note: The first contraction of each heart beat simultaneously contracts both atria.)
right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium and with each secondary heart contraction the blood is pushed into the lungs (pulmonary circulation) (Note: There is a secondary contraction of the heart that simultaneously contracts both ventricles.)
left atrium blood coming from the lungs (pulmonary circulation) enters this chamber and is then delivered to the left ventricle with the first contraction of every heart beat
left ventricle receives blood from the left atrium and with each secondary heart contraction it is pushed into the systemic circulation through the aorta
Name of valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle mitral valve or left atrioventricular valve
Name the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle Tricuspid valve or right atrioventricular
Because the valve from the right ventricle connects to the lungs it is called... Pulmonary valve (right semilunar valve)
Because the valve from the left ventricle connects to the aorta it is called... aortic valve (left semilunar valve)
Sinoatrial node/ SA node pacemaker of the heart
Conduction system of the heart The electric impulse by the SA node travels to the atrioventricular node (AV node) to the atrioventricular bundle (Bundle of His) to the left and right bundle branches to Purkinje fibers, contained in the walls of the ventricles.
The head is divided into right and left halves by the... Septum
Largest vein in the body Vena cava
Inferior vena cava the large vein that delivers deoxygenated blood from the trunk and legs the empties into the right atrium of the heart
superior vena cava the large vein that delivers deoxygenated blood from the head and arms to the right atrium
pulmonary arteries are the only arteries that carry DEOXYGENATED blood bc they are carrying blood away from the heart to the lungs to release CO2 and pick up O2
pulmonary veins are the only veins that carry OXYGENATED blood bc they are bringing freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart to be distributed to the rest of the body
aorta the largest artery of the body; rises from the left ventricle
systole contraction phase of the heart
diastole relaxation phase of the heart
arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to body tissues
veins carry oxygen-poor blood from body tissues back to the heart
arteriole little artery
venules small veins that receive the depleted hemoglobin and wastes from the capillaries
Capillaries Transfer of O2 and nutrients to cells and extraction of CO2 and waste from cells take place in the capillaries which joins arterioles to venules
tunica coat; a membranous covering of an organ or a distinct layer of the wall of a hollow structure
intima innermost
media middle
adventitia outer (literally - coming from abroad)
tunica intima is the innermost layer of the arteries and veins. It is composed of a thin layer of endothelial cells and line the entire circulatory system from your heart and the large arteries all the way to the smallest capillaries.
tunica media - a muscular middle layer of the arteries and veins. Arteries are thicker than veins
tunica adventitia and a fibrous connective tissue outer layer that contains nerves Blood pressure is much higher in arteries than in veins. Veins also contain valves at various intervals to control the direction of the blood flow back to the heart.
Primary layers of arteries and veins 1. tunica intima 2. tunica media 3. tunica adventitia
arterial pertaining to arteries
venous pertaining to, composed of, or affecting veins
arteriovenous pertaining to both arteries and veins
atrial pertaining to the atria
ventricular pertaining to a ventricle
atrioventricular pertaining to an atrium and a ventricle
cardiopulmonary pertaining to the heart and lungs
septal pertaining to a septum
pericardial pertaining to the pericardium
endocardial pertaining to the endocardium
myocardial pertaining to the myocardium
pulmonary pertaining to the lungs
aortic pertain to the aorta
intraaortic within the aorta
valval pertaining to a valve
valvular pertaining to or having valves
vasodilation stretching or dilation of a vessel
vasoconstriction the narrowing of a blood vessel
heart rate the rate at which the heart is beating, also referred to as the pulse rate
blood pressure the pressure exerted by the circulating blood volume against the walls of the arteries and veins and on the chambers of the heart; direct measurement can only be obtained by heart catheterization; indirect blo
hypertension excessive or increased blood pressure
hypotension insufficient or decreased blood pressure
normotensive the state of having a normal blood pressure, which is approximately 120/80 in adults
tachycardia an increased pulse rate that is greater than 100 beats per minute (bpm
bradycardia a decreased pulse rate that is less than 60 beats per minute
cardiology the study of the heart
cardiologist one who studies the heart
phlebotomist a person with special training in the practice of drawing blood
phlebotomy/venipuncture opening of a vein to draw blood for laboratory analysis
angiogram x-ray record of a vessel taken during angiography
angiography the process of taking x-rays of blood vessels
electrocardiography the process of recording the electrical currents of the heart
electrocardiograph the name of the instrument that records the electrical currents of the heart
electrocardiogram the recording produced by the electrocardiograph
cardiovascular disease any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels; the leading cause of death in the U.S.
congenital heart disease any heart disease that is present at birth
atriomegaly abnormal enlargement of the atrium
cardiomyopathy a general diagnostic term that designates primary myocardial disease. In other words, the disease originated in the myocardium
endocarditis inflammation of the inner lining of the heart, caused by infection microorganisms
myocarditis a cardiomyopathy that results in insufficient oxygen, damaged valves or high blood pressure. This may be caused by an infection, rheumatic fever, a chemical agent or a complication of another disease
pericarditis inflammation of the pericardium owing to an infectious microorganism, a cancerous growth, or a variety of other causes
cardiomegaly / macrocardia enlargement of the heart; can be a congenital condition or the result of an increasing growth in heart muscle to compensate for a heart disease/disorder. (Though macrocardia is technically a medical term, this condition is referred always referred to as cardiomegaly.)
microcardia an abnormally small heart
atrial septal defect an abnormal opening in the septum between the right and left atria
ventricular septal defect an abnormal opening in the septum dividing the right and left ventricles
arrhythmia or dysrhythmia a variation in the normal beating pattern or rhythm or your heart; either means your heartbeat is irregular (Instead of a regular rhythm of beat…beat...beat, the rhythm could be beat…….beat…beat...beat……..beat) or that you have an irregular pattern arising via the conduction system of the heart
atrial fibrillation a cardiac arrhythmia that results from disorganized electrical activity in the atria resulting in reduced stroke volume; not as life-threatening as ventricular fibrillation
ventricular fibrillation a severe life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia in which contractions of the ventricles are too rapid or uncoordinated for effective blood circulation; instead of a complete squeezing of the ventricles to push blood out to the body, the ventricle muscle has more of a quivering motion which does not adequately push blood out to the rest of the body
palpitations subjective reports of a pounding or racing of the heart
asystole cardiac arrest, an absence of a heartbeat
angiitis inflammation of a blood vessel
angiospasm an involuntary muscle contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of a vessel
angiostenosis the narrowing of a vessel
aneurysm the ballooning out of an artery
anoxia an absence of oxygen; worse than hypoxia, which is a lower than normal level of oxygen
effusion the escape of fluid into a part, such as a cavity
embolus the obstruction of a blood vessel by a clot (blood or fat) that originated as a thrombus (clot) or from surgery/damage elsewhere in the body
hemorrhagic shock results from excessive blood loss that is most frequently associated with trauma
hypovolemia abnormally low circulating blood volume
infarct a localized area of tissue death (necrosis) due to failure of blood supply to the tissue
myocardial infarct or heart attack a localized area of tissue death to heart muscle due to an obstruction of blood flow such as a clot in a coronary artery
ischemia insufficient blood flow to any tissue
myocardial ischemia insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart
murmurs abnormal heart sounds – such as whooshing or swishing – made by turbulent blood in or near your heart
orthostatic hypotension the sudden drop in blood pressure a person experiences when sitting or standing up suddenly
plaque a yellow, fatty deposit of lipids (fats) in an artery that is the hallmark of atherosclerosis
regurgitation to flow backward; in the cardiovascular system this refer to the backflow of blood through a valve
stenosis a constriction or narrowing
thrombus a blood clot forming within a blood vessel; may partially or completely occlude the vessel
valvular stenosis a valve of the hear is constricted, resulting in it not fully opening
shock a life-threatening condition in which there is inadequate blood flow to the body’s tissues and is usually associated with inadequate cardiac output, hypotension and tissue damage. Causes of shock include: neurogenic shock, hemorrhagic shock, hypovolemic shock, septic shock, anaphylactic shock.
thombophlebitis inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot
varicose veins swollen and knotted veins caused by sluggish blood flow in combination with weakened walls and incompetent valves
venous thrombosis formation of a thrombus in a vein, may be a complication of phlebitis, injury or prolonged bed confinement (Ex: Flying in airplanes for long distances is known to cause deep vein thrombosis [DVT]. People affected usually complain of leg pain within days of flying. It usually only affects one leg and occurs in the calf or thigh. The area affected may become edematous (swollen), erythematous (reddened), or feel warm to the touch.
aneurysmectomy to cut out an aneurism; surgical removal of the aneurysm
embolectomy surgical removal of an embolism (clot) from a blood vessel
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) a basic emergency procedure for life support to provide artificial respirations and cardiac compressions
defibrillator an electronic device that is that sends a shock to the heart to override the fibrillation in order to get the heart to return to a normal rhythm (The whole body is shocked which is very painful to the patient.)
prolapse to fall out of the normal position
shunt a bypass, diversion or passage between two natural channels
stent a device placed within a blood vessel to widen the lumen
valvoplasty surgical repair of a heart valve
antiarrhythmic reduces or prevents cardiac arrhythmias
anticoagulant prevents blood clot formation
diuretic increased urine production by the kidneys, which works to reduce plasma and therefore blood volume, resulting in lower blood pressure
vasoconstrictor contracts smooth muscles in walls of the blood vessels; raises blood pressure
vasodilator relaxes smooth muscles in the walls of arteries, thereby increasing the diameter of the blood vessel; increases blood pressure and/or increases circulation to an ischemic area
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