11101479
Description
Flashcards by Agasana Viengmany, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Agasana Viengmany
about 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What are two other names for the Urinary System? | 1. Renal system 2. Genitourinary (GU) system |
| What are the four primary organs of the Urinary System? | 1. Kidney 2. Ureter 3. Urethra 4. Urinary bladder |
| What is the functional unit of the kidney? | Nephrons |
| Kidney | “removing waste from the blood and making urine” |
| Urethra | duct by which urine is conveyed out of the body |
| Ureter | duct that conveys urine from the kidney to the bladder |
| Parenchyma | “functional parts of an organ or tissue.” |
| “expelling of urine from the bladder.” | 1. micturition 2. voiding 3. urination |
| 5 layers of the kidney from outermost to innermost layer | 1. Renal or fibrous capsule 2. Renal cortex 3. Renal medulla 4. Renal sinus 5. Hilum |
| What makes up the parenchyma | 1. renal cortex 2. renal medulla |
| renal or fibrous capsule | “tough fibrous layer of the kidney that encapsulates the kidney” |
| Cortex | “outer region of an organ or structure” |
| renal cortex | “portion of the kidney that lies between the renal capsule and the renal medulla.” |
| medulla | “inner region/center of an organ.” |
| renal medulla | “innermost part of the kidney and consists of the renal pyramids.” |
| renal sinus | the cavity within the kidney that is made up of the renal pelvis and the renal calyces. |
| Renal pelvis | funnel shaped structure where all the urine from the major calyces comes together before it enters the ureter. |
| Hilum | the part that curves inward and is the location where the blood vessels and nerves enter the kidney |
| Three functions of nephron | 1.glomerular filtration: the glomerulus allows water, salts, wastes and practically everything except blood cells and proteins to pass through the filter 2. tubular reabsorption – as fluid passes through the tubules, substances that the body conserves, such as sugars and much of the water, are reabsorbed into blood vessels 3 tubular secretion – as fluid passes through the renal tubule, some substances from the bloodstream (waste products of metabolism and certain drugs) are secreted into the tubule to be expelled as urine |
| renal corpuscle | initial blood filtering unit of the nephron |
| It consists of an internal small collection of capillaries, called the ________________________ and an outer capsule called the ___________________ capsule. | 1. Glomerulus 2. Bowans capsule |
| Urine collects in the Bowman’s capsule and is conveyed into the renal tubule, which has 3 distinct functional areas. They are the: | 1. Proximal convoluted tubule 2. Loop of henle 3.distal convoluted tubule |
| Urine leaves the distal tubule and goes through the following sequence. | from the distal tubule to the the minor calyx to the major calyx to the renal pelvis to the ureter to the urinary bladder where it is stores until it is finally excreted through the urethra though the opening in the glans penis called the meatus |
| glomerular filration rate (GFR) | calculates the volume of fluid filtered by the glomeruli |
| Antidiuretic hormone | secreted by the brain to cause the reapportion of more water by the renal tubules |
| Homeostasis | during urine production, water and electrolytes can be absorbed or secreted to maintain homeostasis "tendency of a system to maintain internal stability" |
| Name at least 5 functions of the urinary system | -filtering the blood and regulating the volume and composition of blood plasma -water balance -electrolyte balance -acid/base balance (pH) -produce renin (assists regulation of blood pressure) -produce erythropoietin (erythrocyte production) -produce prostaglandins (hormone-like lipid compounds that affect many organs) -help degrade insulin and metabolize vitamin D |
| anuria | (an- = without; -uria = urine condition) – complete suppression of urine formed by the kidneys and a complete lack of urine excretion |
| dysuria | difficult or painful urination |
| urinary frequency | the need to urinate many times during the day, at night (nocturia), or both but in normal or less-than-normal volumes |
| Urinary retention | incomplete emptying of the bladder |
| Continence vs incontinence | continence – the ability to control bladder or bowel function incontinence – the inability to control bladder flow or bowel function; involuntary release of urine |
| nocturnal enuresis | pertaining to bed-wetting at night |
| Polyuria | (poly- = many; -uria = urine condition) – producing an unusually large volume of urine |
| oliguria | oliguria (olig/o = scanty; -uria = urine condition) – producing too little urine |
| bacteriuria | (bacteri/o = bacteria; -uria = urine condition) – a condition of bacteria in the urinary tract; urine is considered sterile; therefore, it normally does not contain bacteria |
| glycosuria | (glycos/o = sugar; -uria = urine condition) – presence of sugar in the urine; may indicate diabetes because it is the most common reason for the glucose renal threshold ever being exceeded and requires further testing |
| hematuria | (hemat/o = blood; -uria = urine condition) – presence of blood in the urine |
| proteinuria | (protein/o = protein; -uria = urine condition) – presence of protein in the urine |
| pyuria | (py/o = pus; -uria = urine condition) – presence of pus in the urine |
| ketonuria | (keton/o = ketones; -uria = urine condition) – presence of ketones in the urine; occurs when the body burns fat instead of glucose for energy, such as in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus |
| uremia | (ur/o = urine; -emia = blood condition) – an accumulation of toxic products in the blood; occurs when the kidneys fail to function properly |
| uropathy | any disease or abnormal condition of the urinary tract |
| glomerulopathy | any disease of the glomeruli |
| kidney stone | nephrolith (nephr/o = kidney; -lith = stone) renal calculus |
| nephroma | (nephr/o = kidney; -oma = tumor) – Kidney tumor |
| nephromalacia | (nephr/o = kidney; -malacia = softening) – kidney is abnormally soft |
| nephromegaly | (nephr/o = kidney; -megaly = enlarged) – kidney is enlarged |
| nephroptosis | (nephr/o = kidney; -ptosis = drooping) – Downward displacement of the kidney out of its normal location; commonly called a floating kidney |
| pyelonephritis | (pyel/o = renal pelvis; nephr/o = kidney; -itis = inflammation) – Inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney. |
| Acute renal failure vs chronic renal failure | renal failure (ren/o = kidney; -al = pertaining to) – Inability of the kidneys to filter wastes from the blood, resulting in uremia. May be acute or chronic. Major reason for a patient being placed on dialysis acute renal failure – a sudden failure of the kidneys characterized by oliguria and rapid accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood; may be caused by nephritis (inflammation of the kidneys), interference in blood flow to the kidney or conditions that disrupt urinary output; it can often be reversed chronic renal failure- a persistent and progressive failure of the kidneys usually related to disease; often leads to dialysis if all other medical measures have not alleviated the problem |
| cystalgia | (cyst/o = bladder; -algia = pain) – urinary bladder pain |
| cystitis | (cyst/o = bladder; -itis = inflammation) – urinary bladder inflammation |
| ureteritis | inflammation of the ureter |
| ureterectasis | (ureter/o = ureter; -ectasis = dilated) – ureter is stretched out or dilated |
| urinary reflux | an abnormal backward flow or return of urine from the bladder into the ureters |
| urethritis | inflammation of the urethra |
| urethralgia | (urethr/o = urethra; -algia = pain) – urethral pain |
| hypospadias | a congenital defect in which the urinary meatus is located below its usual location; usually seen in males with the opening on the underside of the penis |
| epispadias | a congenital defect in which the urinary meatus is located above the usual location |
| urethrostenosis | (urethr/o = urethra; - stenosis = narrowing) – urethra has become narrow |
| voided specimen | a sample of urine in which a patient urinates into a sterile container |
| catheterized urine specimen | obtained by placing a urinary catheter into the bladder and withdrawing urine |
| cystogram | (cyst/o = bladder; -gram = record) – X-ray record of the urinary bladder |
| pyelogram | (pyel/o = renal pelvis; -gram = record) – X-ray record of the renal pelvis |
| CT KUB | CT scan of the kidneys, ureters and bladder (KUB); frequently used to evaluate the internal structures of the urinary system and for detection of kidney stones |
| cystoscopy | cyst/o = bladder; -scopy = process of visually examining) – visual examination of the urinary bladder using an instrument called a cystoscope |
| ureteroscopy | visualization of a ureter |
| urethroscopy /cystourethroscopy | visual examination of the urethra and/or examination of the bladder and the urethra |
| cystectomy | the surgical excision of a bladder; may be partial or complete |
| cystopexy | cyst/o = bladder; -pexy = surgical fixation) – surgical fixation of the urinary bladder |
| nephrectomy | (nephr/o = kidney; -ectomy = surgical removal) – surgical removal of a kidney |
| nephropexy | (nephr/o = kidney; -pexy = surgical fixation) – surgical fixation of a kidney to anchor it in its normal anatomical position |
| antispasmodic | medication to prevent or reduce bladder muscle spasms |
| diuretic | medication that increases the volume of urine produced by the kidneys. Useful in the treatment of edema, kidney failure, heart failure, and hypertension |
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