Created by Candice Young
almost 7 years ago
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Question | Answer |
Catabolism | Accumulate products from original substrates, generate energy electrons are extracted from molecules and transferred to electron carriers (NAD+, NADP+, FAD) which then donate electrons to ETCs or other biosynthetic rxns |
Anabolism | Accumulate/biosynthesize macromolecules from monomers, consume energy |
electron acceptor | the substance in a reaction that accepts electrons from some other substance, becoming reduced in the process |
electron donor (energy source) | The substance in a reaction that donates electrons to another substance, becoming oxidized in the process |
Fermentation | non-respiratory catabolism in which an organic compound serves as both the electron donor and electron acceptor + ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation |
substrate-level phosphorylation | production of ATP by transferring a high energy phosphate group from another substrate onto ADP does not require ATPase |
respiration | catabolism where electrons are extracted from an electron donor and passed down an electron transport chain, generating a proton motive force e- reduce an electron acceptor that is different from the electron donor |
oxidative phosphorylation | The production of ATP at the expense of a PMF formed by electron transport |
proton motive force | energized state of the cytoplasmic membrane resulting from the separation of charge and the elements of water (H+ outside and OH- inside) across the membrane |
chemoorganotroph | use organic material for energy carbon and e- are from same source many bacteria can use organic carbon sources and an alternative (non-O2) e acceptor |
chemolithotrophs | get electrons and carbon from different source, both chemical typically autotrophs and perform carbon fixation |
phototrophs | get energy from light, electrons from water or another compound, carbon from organic materials/CO2 |
electron tower | reduced substance in the redox pair at the top has the greatest tendency to DONATE & the oxidized substance at the bottom has the greatest tendency to ACCEPT |
reduction potentials | E0ʹ [V or mV] taken at pH 7 (the cytoplasm of most cells) |
redox couples | oxidized form / reduced form |
Key principle of redox reactions | The reduced substance of a redox couple whose reduction potential is more negative donates electrons to the oxidized substance whose potential is more positive!! |
ΔE0ʹ | difference in reduction potential between donor and acceptor ΔE0ʹ = (ΔE0ʹ of reduction rxn) - (ΔE0ʹ of oxidation rxn) --> ΔE0ʹ > 0 then reaction is favorable in direction written |
Conversion of potential difference to free energy | ΔGoʹ = -nFΔE0ʹ n is the number of electrons transferred in the reaction (given on the electron tower) and F is the faraday constant (96.5 kJ/V) |
How do bacteria store the energy they get from redox reactions? | Bacteria store energy from this by: 1) Using a proton gradient across the cytoplasmic membrane 2) Having high energy compounds that are used to power unfavorable reactions (ie. phosphoenopyruvate, 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate, ATP, ADP) |
NAD+ and FAD | common currency for oxidation and reduction, used by enzymes to oxidize/reduce different substrates |
¯\_(ツ)_/¯ for metabolism | Needs 1: an energy source 2: an electron donor 3: an electron acceptor 4: a nutrition source |
glucose --> CO2 O2 --> H2O | glucose is the electron donor/energy source/carbon source oxygen is the electron acceptor |
light and acetate come in to organism H2S --> S0 | light = energy source acetate = carbon source electron donor = H2S electron acceptor = acetate |
acetate --> CO2 O2 --> H2O | O2 = electron acceptor Acetate = energy source Acetate = electron donor Acetate = carbon source --> some acetate used directly to make ATP, other times ATP is used to reduce acetate into needed macromolecules |
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