11694095
Description
Flashcards by Maddy Wallace, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Maddy Wallace
about 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| DAMPs | DNA, RNA, histones released in necrosis |
| PAMPs | LPS, nucleotides present on the surface of pathogens |
| PRRs | Pattern recognition receptors in/on immune cells causing release of inflammatory mediators if they recognise d/pamps |
| Inflammatory mediators | histamines, prostaglandin, bradykinin, cytokines |
| Mast cells | degranulate in trauma to release histamines |
| degranulation | Mast cells release contents of cytoplasmic granules |
| Effect of histamines | 1. Heat and redness due to vasodilation 2. Oedema from exudate from active leak; contracting epithelial cells opening gaps 3. transcytosis |
| Exudate contains ? | (fluid leaked out of vessels) containing leukocytes, complement and opsonins |
| Types of exudate | 1. pus *dead cells, neutrophils and enzymes 2. fibrinous *coagulates 3. serous *fewer cells 4. haemorrhagic (bloody) |
| Accumulated exudate results in ?? | 3rd degree burns from lack of skin to stretch over swelling Compression on brain reducing oxygen and may result in meningitis |
| Chemokines | Cytokine that makes cells move eg they cause... transcytosis chemotaxis |
| Extravasation and transcytosis process | 1. selectins in venule wall bind to neutrophils for rolling adhesion 2. tight adhesion slows rolling 3. transmigrate down IL-8 gradient |
| Neutrophils (with segmented nuclei) have 3 strategies ??? | Phagocytosis degranulation NETs (extraceullar traps) |
| Role of bradykinin | Keep up inflammation after histamine maintaining vasodilation with nitric oxide |
| cytokines | messenger hormones include interleukins (ILs) inferons (IFNs) chemokines activating immune cells (promote transcytosis, lysis of infected cells) |
| chemotaxis | Movement of cells along fibrin scaffold in transcytosis |
| Challenges to phagocytes | Slippery capsules, foreign bodies, slime, intracellular pathogens |
| Macrophages | Phagocytose pathogens and produce cytokines |
| Complement cascade | series of reactions resulting in opsonisation or MACs (membrane attack complex) |
| Opsonisation | Marking of pathogens/infected cells for phagocytes to recognise |
| Systemic effects of inflammatory mediators? | Temperature rise Malaise (discomfort feeling) Increased heart and respiratory rates Increase leukocyte count |
| Drug to counteract systemic effects of inflammatory mediators? | Aspirin |
| Resident macrophages | Mononuclear phagocytes that stay in one area eg Kpuffer cells in liver |
| consolidation | exudate is stagnant/congested and causes light areas on micrograph |
| OUTCOMES of acute inflammation | 1. resolution 2. organisation (granulation tissue replaces previous healthy tissue) 3. chronic inflammation 4. death lol |
| granulation tissue characteristics | Red and shiny New tissue contains fibroblasts, blood vessels and ECM |
| Granulation tissue is located where? | Around dead cells, pus , irritants to protect healthy tissue |
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