Alkanes

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Flashcards on Alkanes, created by J yadonknow on 05/01/2018.
J yadonknow
Flashcards by J yadonknow, updated more than 1 year ago
J yadonknow
Created by J yadonknow almost 7 years ago
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Question Answer
What are alkanes? Straight/branched hydrocarbons with single covalent bonds between carbons only!
What is the homologous series? Each successive member differing by -CH2
What is the general formula for an alkane? CnH2n+2
Where are the prefix-parent-suffix derived from? Substituent location-C#-family of molecule
What are the sources of alkanes? Natural Gas- Anaerobic decay of organic matter by MOs Petroleum- Mixtures separated by fractional distillation
In what order do you name functional groups according to IUPAC? By alphabetical order, NOT lowest number
What is an isomer? Same molecular formula, different 3D arrangement
What is a constitutional isomer? Molecular isomer Same molecular formula, different arrangement of atoms
What increases as chain length increases? SA Intermolecular forces Boiling point Melting point
What is conformational isomerism? Form of steroisomerism Different isomers formed by free rotation around a single bond
What kind of conformation eclipsed? Overlapped, H atoms line up
What kind of conformation is staggered? H atoms not lined up
How do the energy of these two conformations differ and why? Eclipsed have higher energy, more interactions between atoms because they're closer, staggered far apart as possible, so the opposite of the above
What is a fully eclipsed conformation? When the side groups aren't hydrogens, say chlorine, but they still line up
What is gauche? When When the side groups aren't hydrogens, say chlorine, and they don't line up
What is eclipsed? If the Cls aren't matched up but the other atoms generally are then it's eclipsed
Anti (Staggered) Chlorines far away as possible
What would one expect of a rotation energy diagram of these conformations? Energy gets higher as chlorines get closer as electrons are closer (higher share due to EN)
What is the general structure of a cycloalkane? CnH2n with SP3 hybridised carbons NOT planar Restricted rotation in C-C bonds (apart from benzene)
What is the chair conformation? All six formations are gauche Energetically more favourable
What is the boat conformation? 4 Gauche, 2 Eclipsed
What arises when 2 or more substituents are added to a cycloalkane? Cis/trans isomerism Cis down/down trans up/down
What is the ratio of carbocation stability? 3':2':1' = 5:4:1
What is the cause of this variable stability? Hyperconjugation= Lone p orbital electron of the Carbon overlaps with the bonded electrons of the sp3 orbitals, stabilising the p orbital electron and delocalising the sp3 bonded electrons
What is the net effect? Net stabilising effect, less energy required to generate the radicals
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