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| Question | Answer |
| What are the three neuromaturational frameworks in physical therapy? | 1. reflex-hierarchical theory 2. system framework 3. |
| What does the reflex-hierarchical theory believe? | Brainstem: primitive reflexes (apedal) Midbrain: righting reactions (quadrupedal) Cortex: equilibrium reactions (bipedal) |
| Spinal reflex is a _____ reflex. | Primitive. |
| Optical and labyrinthine righting are both examples of | Midbrain reactions. |
| What is the protective extension of limb to protect head in babies called? What level is this reflex at? | - Protective extensor thrust. - midbrain reflex |
| Two special infant midbrain reflexes are: | the Moro reflex. the Landau reflex. |
| What is the Moro reflex? | grabbing on to midline when head is falling backwards. |
| What is the Landau reflex? | Putting baby horizontally in prone. After a while they will lift their head up. |
| T/F: Equilibrium reactions are from the midbrain. | F. Cortical response. |
| What is the pitfall of the neuromaturational framework? | It does not explain the emergence of voluntary movements. |
| What is another name of the fencing reflex? | asymmetrical tonic neck reflex. |
| What happens in asymmetrical tonic neck reflex when you turn the child's head to the left? | Left arm and leg extend. Right arm and leg bend. |
| When does the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex become inhibited? | 6 months |
| How does the neuro-maturational framework help physical therapy? | - to determine if the nervous system is intact. |
| When is the neonatal stepping reflex inhibited? | 1- 2 months. |
| According to the systems framework, how are the degrees of freedom controlled in developing child? | - we all demonstrate a relatively consistent set of low-dimensional behaviours - Behavior emerges in a self-organizing fashion as a function of the cooperation of the many subsystems of the organism in a task context. |
| What are some examples of our systems? | - strength - ROM - sensory contribution - anthropometrics - neuromotor syndergies |
| T/F: moving and developing organisms demonstrate obligatory behavior at all stages of life | F. Preferential but NOT obligaroty. |
| According to the systems framework, why do new behaviors emerge? | 1. new behavioral forms emerge in development as a series of a phase shifts. |
| T/F: the control factors for a specific task is always constant. | F. Always changing. |
| What are the pitfall of the systems framework? | The patterns onset by themselves once the system is mature enough. However, who determines what to do at which stage? |
| The discovery learning framework suggests that an infant is an active perceiver who seeks information about the environment through _______. | Action. |
| The discovery learning framework suggests that perception action relation is _______. Perception ______ action, and action _______ new perceptino. | The discovery learning framework suggests that perception action relation is [reciprocal]. Perception [guides] action, and action [furnishes] new perception. |
| Where the individual constraints meet the environmental constraints, _______ occurs. | Affordance |
| Actions produced to yield knowledge about environmental possibilities, affordances, and one's own capabilities is called _______ actions. | Explorative |
| Actions produced to perform an expected result, which confirms an already learned affordance is called _______. | Exploitive actions. |
| Why is falling so important? | 1. to make errors 2. to detect errors 3. to learn from errors |
| What is the hypothesis for children to start walking as compared to crawling? | To gain a larger visual field |
| According to Eyre, the 5 Fs for early intervention are: | 1. Fun 2. Frequent 3. Focused on function 4. Family friendly 5. Financially feasible |
| According to Blauw-Hospers et al., what are some positive correlations with developmental outcomes at 18 months, with children with special needs? | 1. family involvement and educational actions 2. application of a wide variation in challenging the infant to produce motor behavior by himself and allowing the infant to continue this activity 3. stimulation of motor behaviors at the limit of the infant's capabilities |
| What are some negative correlations with pediatric outcome at 18 months? | use of handling techniques. |
| According to Morgan et al.'s theory, to achieve goal-oriented intensive motor training, the child should receive (maximal/ minimal) assistance. | Minimal |
| During Wu et al's treadmill training study, children with _______ intensity treadmill training had the earliest walking onset. | highest intensity |
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