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| Question | Answer |
| What is the hormonal system made up of? | Glands Hormones |
| What is the difference between an endocrine gland an an exocrine gland? | ENDOCRINE Secretes its products directly into the blood EXOCRINE Secretes its products into ducts that lead to the target tissue |
| Complete the sentence: Hormones are '___________ __________' - many are proteins or _____________, some are steroids. | Hormones are 'CHEMICAL MESSENGERS' - many are proteins or PEPTIDES, some are steroids. |
| How can glands be stimulated? | Glands can be stimulated by a change in concentration of a specific substance (sometimes another hormone) They can also be stimulated by electrical impulses |
| Complete the sentences: Each hormone will only bind to specific ________ for that hormone, found on the membranes of _________ cells. Tissue that contains target cells are called _______ tissue. The hormones trigger a response in the target cells (the __________). | Each hormone will only bind to specific RECEPTORS for that hormone, found on the membranes of TARGET cells. Tissue that contains target cells are called TARGET tissue. The hormones trigger a response in the target cells (the EFFECTOR). |
| What are the 4 types of hormones? | Protein Steroid Trophic Releasing |
| What do protein hormones do? | Do not enter the cell Must bind to a receptor on membrane, causing the release of a second messenger |
| What do steroid hormones do? | Directly enters the cell to affect DNA |
| What do trophic hormones do? | Stimulate endocrine glands to release a hormone |
| What do releasing hormones do? | Made in hypothalamus Stimulates release of another hormone from pituitary gland |
| Complete the sentences: A ___________ is a first messenger as it carries the chemical message the first part of the way (__________ gland --> receptor on __________ cells). When a hormone binds to its receptor, it ___________ an enzyme in the cell membrane. The enzyme catalyses the production of a ____________ molecule inside the cell (this molecule signals to other parts of the _____ to change how the cell works). | A HORMONE is a first messenger as it carries the chemical message the first part of the way (ENDOCRINE gland --> receptor on TARGET cells). When a hormone binds to its receptor, it ACTIVATES an enzyme in the cell membrane. The enzyme catalyses the production of a SIGNALLING molecule inside the cell (this molecule signals to other parts of the CELL to change how the cell works). |
| Complete the sentences: The ____________ molecule is a second messenger as it carries the chemical messenger the second part of the way (receptor --> other parts of ______). Second messengers activate a __________. | The SIGNALLING molecule is a second messenger as it carries the chemical messenger the second part of the way (receptor --> other parts of CELL). Second messengers activate a CASCADE. |
| What is a cascade? | A chain of reactions inside the cell |
| TRUE OR FALSE Adrenaline is a second messenger | FALSE Adrenaline is a first messenger that binds to specific receptors on the cell surface membrane |
| Describe how adrenaline works as a first messenger | 1. When adrenaline binds to the receptor protein, it activates a G protein on the inside of the cell 2. The G protein activates an enzyme in the membrane called adenylyl cyclase 3. Adenylyl cyclase catalyses the production of a second messenger called cyclic AMP (cAMP) from ATP 4. cAMP activates a cascade of enzyme activity (reactions), making more glucose available to the cell by catalysing the breakdown of glycogen into glucose |
| TRUE OR FALSE: The adrenal glands are endocrine glands | TRUE |
| Describe the structure of the adrenal gland, including its location in the human body | STRUCTURE Each adrenal gland has an outer part called the cortex and an inner part called the medulla LOCATION Found just above the kidneys |
| What does the cortex do? | Secretes steroid hormones (e.g. cortisol and aldosterone) when stressed |
| What are the roles of steroid hormones released by the cortex of the adrenal glands (e.g. cortisol and aldosterone)? | Stimulating the breakdown of proteins and fats into glucose (this increases the amount of energy available so the brain and muscles can respond to the situation) Increasing blood volume and pressure by increasing the uptake of Na⁺ and water by the kidneys Suppressing the immune system |
| What does the medulla do? | Secretes catecholamine hormones (modified amino acids), e.g. adrenaline and noradrenaline, when stressed |
| What are the roles of catecholamine hormones secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands (e.g. adrenaline and noradrenaline)? | Act to make more energy available in the short-term by increasing heart and breathing rates, causing cells to break down glycogen into glucose Constricting some blood vessels so that blood is diverted to the brain and muscles |
| Describe the location of the pineal gland, including the hormone it secretes | LOCATION In the brain HORMONE Melatonin |
| What is the target tissue and role of melatonin? | TARGET TISSUE Multiple ROLE Regulates sleep patterns |
| Describe the location of the pituitary gland, including the hormone it secretes | LOCATION In the brain HORMONE LH and FSH ADH Human growth |
| What is the target tissue and role of LH and FSH? | TARGET TISSUE Ovary ROLE Regulates menstrual cycle |
| What is the target tissue and role of ADP? | TARGET TISSUE Kidneys ROLE Regulates water content in blood |
| What is the target tissue and role of the human growth hormone? | TARGET TISSUE Multiple ROLE Regulates growth (decrease after puberty) |
| Describe the location of the thyroid, including the hormone it secretes | LOCATION Base of neck (throat) HORMONE Thyroxin |
| What is the target tissue and role of thyroxin? | TARGET TISSUE Multiple ROLE Regulates metabolism |
| Describe the location of the thymus, including the hormone it secretes | LOCATION Chest HORMONE Thymosins |
| What is the target tissue and role of thymosins? | TARGET TISSUE Cells of immune system ROLE T-cells made in thymus Regulates immune system |
| Describe the location of the pancreas, including the hormone it secretes | LOCATION Between kidneys HORMONE Insulin Glucagon |
| What is the target tissue and role of insulin? | TARGET TISSUE Muscle (skeletal) and liver ROLE Lowers blood sugar (glucose) level |
| What is the target tissue and role of glucagon? | TARGET TISSUE Muscle (skeletal) and liver ROLE Increases blood sugar (glucose) level |
| Describe the location of the adrenal gland, including the hormone it secretes | LOCATION Above kidneys HORMONE Adrenaline Noradrenaline Cortisol Aldosterone |
| What is the target tissue and roles of adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol and aldosterone? | TARGET TISSUE Multiple ROLE Fight or flight response (e.g. increased heart rate, blood pressure etc.) Glycogen --> glucose |
| Describe the location of the ovary, including the hormone it secretes | LOCATION Lower abdomen HORMONE Oestrogen Progesterone |
| What is the target tissue and role of oestrogen? | TARGET TISSUE Multiple ROLE Release of egg |
| What is the target tissue and role of progesterone? | TARGET TISSUE Multiple ROLE Maintains the lining of the uterus |
| Describe the location of the testis, including the hormone it secretes | LOCATION Scrotum HORMONE Testosterone |
| What is the target tissue and role of testosterone? | TARGET TISSUE Multiple ROLE Muscle building |
| Name 3 steroid hormones | Oestrogen Progesterone Testosterone |
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