Gene Mutations

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A level Biology (6.1.1 Cellular Control) Flashcards on Gene Mutations, created by Yinka F on 18/02/2018.
Yinka F
Flashcards by Yinka F, updated more than 1 year ago
Yinka F
Created by Yinka F almost 7 years ago
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Question Answer
What is a mutation (of genes)? Any change to the base (nucleotide) sequence of DNA
What are the 3 types of gene mutations? Substitution Deletion Insertion
What is a substitution mutation? One or more bases are swapped for another base
What is a deletion mutation? One or more bases are removed
What is an insertion mutation? One or more bases is added
What is a frameshift mutation? Adding or deleting a base changes the number of bases present, causing a shift in all the base triplets that follow. This is a frameshift mutation - when an insertion or deletion changes the way the rest of the base sequence is read.
Complete the sentence: The earlier the frameshift appears in the base sequence, the _______ amino acids are affected and the ___________ the mutation's effect on the __________. The earlier the frameshift appears in the base sequence, the MORE amino acids are affected and the GREATER the mutation's effect on the PROTEIN.
What are the 3 types of effect a mutation can have on an organism? Beneficial Harmful Neutral
Some mutations can have a neutral effect on a protein's function. Why might they have a neutral effect? The mutation changes a base in a triplet, but the amino acid that the triplet codes for doesn't change The mutation produces a triplet that codes for a different amino acid, but the amino acid is chemically similar to the original The mutated triplet codes for an amino acid not involved with the protein's function
What happens to mutations that are beneficial to the organism? They are passed on to future generations by natural selection
Complete the sentences: Mutations can affect whether or not a protein is produced. E.g. if a mutation occurs at the _______ of a gene, so that RNA polymerase can't bind to it and begin ____________, the protein coded for by the gene won't be made. The loss of production of a __________ can have harmful effects - some __________ disorders are caused by this. Mutations can affect whether or not a protein is produced. E.g. if a mutation occurs at the START of a gene, so that RNA polymerase can't bind to it and begin TRANSCRIPTION, the protein coded for by the gene won't be made. The loss of production of a PROTEIN can have harmful effects - some GENETIC disorders are caused by this.
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