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Description
Flashcards by J yadonknow, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by J yadonknow
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What are the 5 methods of non-meiotic prokaryotic DNA transfer? (C TT, Rko BF) | Conjugation Transformation Transduction Recombination Binary Fission |
| Which out of these methods allow HGT? | C Tf Td |
| What is the concept of a Mobilome? | the Genes and GI that may move WITHIN a genome AND BETWEEN different individuals |
| How do chromosomal genomes tend to be passed down? | Vertically from lineage to lineage |
| By what 4 ways does HGT tend to be specific? | C. Conj tends to be species specific. Tf. Competent cells have mechs to select from related species. Tf. Pro have "immune systems" to attack foreign DNA. Td. Bacterial + Archael viruses tend to be specific. (Conj, transd, transf, transf) |
| How does Haemophilus maintain specificity for uptaken DNA? | Only uptakes DNA with an 11Bp signal sequence commonly found in Haemophilus species. |
| How does Bacillus regulate its competence? (2) | Only activates met pathways that express enzymes for DNA uptake when it senses nearby Bacillus via Quorum Sensing. |
| What are Biofilms? How are they formed and how do they facilitate G.X?(3) | MC aggregates Cells may differentiate to perform spec. roles in this "tissue" May facilitate G.X. by conjugation + transformation. |
| How do cells protect themselves from viruses and foreign DNA? | Restriction/modification systems CRISPR/Cas systems |
| How do restriction/modification systems work? Appetite Chomp Protection | 1. REase chomps DNA at spec. short sequences 2. foreign DNA cleaved at these sequences. 3. Host genome protected as its short sequences are methylated by MTase |
| What is the CRISPR/Cas system for? | System for surviving viral infection. |
| CRISPR/Cas MOA (3) | Sampling 1. Host samples viral DNA, stores it into genome. Complexing 2. Turns sequence into DNA and complexes it with Cas proteins. Degradation 3. Guides complex to homologous sequences of DNA and degrades invader virus RNA. |
| What is an example of Eu extra-DNA? | 2um circle in Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
| Features of this circle (2) | No useful genes to organism Can undergo HR within regions of homology of copies of itself. |
| How do cancer cells create amplified DNA? | Creates circular regions of Chr DNA know as ECCDNA's or dmins (double minutes) |
| What may they encode? | May encode encogenes that drive cancer cell formation. |
| Name an example of plasmid mediated conjugation in Eu. | 1. Agrobacterium tumefaciens 2. Has a conj plasmid (Ti) allows conjugation to plant cells. 3. Ti transferred to cell nucleus, integrates into genome. 4. Encodes genes that drive proliferation of plant tissue 5. Lead to a crown gall tumour, an environment for A.tumefaciens to feed and survive. |
| Why is it suspected that conjugation has occured in Eu lineages? | As there's recurrent HGT of anti-bacterial enzyme encoding tae genes which are of bacterial origin in eu lineages. |
| Artificial transduction of mammalian cells | Using modded adeno/retrovirus genomes |
| Adeno | propogated extra-chromosomally in nucleus |
| Retro | Integrates directly into host cell genome |
| How can S. cerevisiae cells be made competent (2) | treat w/ Li acetate PEG, DMS, and heat shock |
| Li acetate | Precipitates DNA onto surface of yeast cell. |
| DMS,PEG heat shock | increases permeability of CM to uptake ex.DNA. |
| What is transfection? | Putting foreign DNA into mammalian cells |
| Name 3 methods. | Chemical e.g. Ca Phos. treatment Electroporation Glass microneedle injection |
| How long lasting can this DNA be? (2) | Often maintained just transiently for a few cellular divisions OR May be randomly integrated into a chromosome |
| What did Carl Corren's mirabilis experiments show? | That stem+leaf colour depended solely on the maternal lineage Some extra-chromosomal factor was responsible. |
| Name 4 different receptacles of extra-chromosomal inheritance that may exist | chloro mito endosymbiont prions |
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