1287739
| Question | Answer |
| Linguistics | Study of human language; study of organization, structure, form and functions of language |
| Theoretical linguistics | Develops methods of study for the linguistic analysis |
| Applied Linguistics | study and resolution of language problems |
| Language | system of arbitrary signs used in society for communication |
| Sign | words and expressions which stand for other things |
| Arbitrariness | the form of linguistic signs bear no natural resemblance to their meaning |
| System | a group of elements which interact (body, chess, society) |
| Structure | a sequence of units that are in certain relationship with one another |
| Communication | intentional exchange of information |
| Phonetics | sounds |
| Phonology | Combinations of sounds |
| Morphology | internal structure of words |
| Syntax | Sentences |
| Semantics | meaning |
| Pragmatics | Meaning in use |
| Design features of language | Vocal auditory channel Broadcast transmission and directional reception Rapid fading Interchangeability Total feedback Semancity Arbitrariness Creativity Gramaticality Duality etc |
| Functions of language | Referential Emotive Conative Poetic Phatic Performative Metalinguistic |
| Word | a single unit of language which can be spoken or written |
| lexeme | the unit listed in dictionaries as separate entry, belonging to some lexical category |
| lexicology | the story of words/vocabulary of language |
| lexicography | the compiling of dictionaries (applied linguistics) |
| lexicon | the vocabulary of language, list of all lexical items |
| listeme | sound-meaning combination |
| Open categories | Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs |
| Closed Categories | Pronouns, particles, prepositions, determiners, conjunctions |
| Morpheme | minimal meaningful unit |
| allomorph | variant form of morpheme: a/an, -s, -z, etc. |
| Orthographic word | has a space on either side of it |
| morphological word | a unique form, considers only form, not meaning |
| a lexical word | the various forms closely related by meaning |
| a semantic word | distinguishes between items morphologically identical, but different meaning |
| Polysemy | one morphological word, two semantic words |
| Phoneme | the smallest significant unit of speech |
| Affix | a morpheme bound in specific position |
| Root | base form |
| Derivational morphology (word formation) | formation of new lexemes; process of lexical innovation. ex. work/worker/workplace |
| Inflectional morphology | deals with grammatical relationships, various form of one lexeme ex. work/working process of lexical adaptation |
| Word formation | formation of new lexemes; a process of lexical innovation |
| Conversion | (zero derivation, functional shift) changing the meaning without changing type |
| Root creations | Kodak, nylon, blurb |
| Commonization (eponyms) | sandwich, lynch, boycott, diesel, platonic |
| Clipping | shortening ex. (air)plane, bus, van, vegan, info, lab |
| Hypocorisms | reduction to one syllable +y/ie: movie, telly, indie, cabbie |
| Blending (two words) | chunnel, workaholic, spam, Polglish |
| Back-formation (Noun>Verb) | editor>edit, beggar>beg, donation>donate |
| Abbreviations | initialisms: TV, DJ, VIP, BMX, DVD acronyms: letter-words: WASP, AIDS, NATO, laser, radar syllable-words: FORTRAN |
| Productivity | some affixes are more productive than the other (-er, -ed, -s). If there's a possibility to extend the morphological pattern in order to create new words, it's referred as a productive pattern |
| Transparency | transparent lexemes are clearly analysable into constituent morphemes, ex. airmail, killer dog, blackbird |
| Opaqueness | opaque lexemes may have unpredictable meaning, ex. blackmail, underdog, ladybird. |
| Derivation | prefixation, suffixation, conversion |
| compounding | composition |
| endocentric compounds | one element determines another, usually the first element is modyfying, the second is the head, ex. armchair (kind of a chair), bookcase (kind of a case), fishing rod, but also son-in-law |
| exocentric compounds | none of the elements determines another, ex. pickpocket, wagtail, foxglove, make-up |
| appositional compounds | both elements contribute to the meaning, ex. boyfriend, maidservant, womandoctor |
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