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Description
Flashcards by Siddhi Deshpande, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Siddhi Deshpande
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What are the social trends that are shaking up the traditional model of marriage ? | 1. Increased acceptance of singlehood. 2. Increased acceptance of cohabitation. 3. Reduced premium on permanence. 4. Transitions in gender roles. 5. Increased voluntary childlessness. 6. Decline of the traditional nuclear family. |
| What are the Cultural Influences on Marriage ? | •Modern Western cultures are somewhat unusual in permitting free choice of one’s marital partner. • Experts estimate that up to 80% of world cultures practice arranged marriage. Marriages arranged by families and communities remain common in more collectivist cultures such as India, Japan, China and West African countries. • This practice is declining in some societies as a result of Westernization. Still, when people in collectivist societies contemplate marriage, they weigh strongly the impact a relationship will have on their family. • Studies show that attitudes about love in India, Pakistan, Thailand, and West African countries reflect these cultural. • |
| Which factors influence mate selection ? | •Monogamy and Polygamy • Endogamy • Homogamy |
| What is Monogamy and Polygamy ? | Monogamy is the practice of having only one spouse at a time. • In our society, monogamous marital relationships are the norm and the law. • Though many cultures practice polygamy, Westerners typically associate it with the Mormon religion, even though the Mormon Church officially denounced it in the late 19th century • Polygamy is practiced worldwide in countries such as Algeria, Chad, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia and in some Islamic groups. • Unfortunately, the practice of polygamy tends to be most common in societies where women have little to no independence, access to education, or political power. |
| what is Endogamy ? | •Endogamy is the tendency for people to marry within their own social group. • Research demonstrates that people tend to marry others of the same race, religion, ethnic background, and social class. • Although endogamy appears to be declining, this decrease has been gradual. • Although some people speculate that interracial relationships carry an extra burden, recent research suggests that there are no differences between interracial couples and same-race couples in terms of relationship quality, conflict patterns, and attachment. |
| what is Homogamy ? | •Homogamy is the tendency for people to marry others who have similar personal characteristics. • Among other things, marital partners tend to be similar in age and education, physical attractiveness attitudes and values, marital history and even vulnerability to psychological disorders. • Interestingly, homogamy is associated with longer- lasting and more satisfying marital relations • Even in dating relationships, similarity on a variety of characteristics is related to stability and satisfaction. |
| What are the Predictors of Marital Success ? | There are no foolproof predictors of marital success. Nevertheless, here are some of the factors that researchers have looked at : • Family Background • Age • Length of courtship • Personality • Premarital communication • Stressful events |
| What are the vulnerable areas in Marital Adjustment ? | * Gaps in Role Expectations • Work and Career Issues • Financial Difficulties • Inadequate Communication |
| Facts about Divorce. | •Although relatively accurate statistics are available on divorce rates, it is still difficult to estimate the percentage of marriages that end in divorce. • It is clear that divorce rates in the United States increased dramatically between the 1950s and 1980s, but they appear to have stabilized and even declined slightly since then. • When divorce rates were at their peak, the most widely cited estimates of future divorce risk were around 50%. • However, the modest reductions in divorce rates in recent years appear to have lowered the risk of divorce to 40%–45% for today’s couples • On the average, people peg their probability of divorce at about 10%–11%, which is far below the actual probability for the population as a whole. • Divorce rates are higher among blacks than whites or Hispanics, among lower-income couples, among couples who cohabitated, among couples who do not have children, among people who marry at a relatively young age, and among those whose parents divorced. |
| How is screening of surrogate mothers done ? | •The psychological screening of surrogate mothers is very similar for both traditional artificial insemination surrogates and IVF gestational surrogates. • In both programs, it is crucial that the candidate already have at least one child that she has given birth to and parented. • If she has not had pregnancy and parenting experience, it would seem impossible for her to give any level of informed consent and it may be difficult for her to empathize with the parents and the child. Additionally, it seems risky for a doctor to endorse women without such obstetrical histories. • This role criteria is an attempt to prevent collusion with denying important feelings because of an immediate need for money. |
| What is the role of psychologist ? | •One role of the psychologist is to help the candidate see if being a surrogate will serve a positive functional purpose or a negative dysfunctional purpose in her life. • Thorough assessment can prevent collusion with pathology, exploitation, and unhealthy degrees of denial. • The clinical interview reviews her history in an attempt to screen out women who have traumatic histories from which unresolved feelings may surface during crisis or during stressful conditions. • It is crucial that the candidate obtain something for herself beyond financial remuneration. • If she cannot focus on what being pregnant and relinquishing a child can do for her, then traits such as low self-esteem, low intelligence and martyr patterns should be evaluated carefully. • Related to motivations are the candidate's expectations concerning her relationship with the prospective parents. |
| Why psychological screening is important ? | •Psychological testing, clinical interviews, observations in a group setting, and feedback from others involved in the case are all important. • Specifically, it is important to eliminate sociopaths, depressed persons, borderline personalities, and those who have little ego strength. It is important to assess their coping mechanisms, defences and resilience especially when under distress. • Surrogates also need an intellectual ability to do abstract thinking, conceptualizing, and retain a lot of information. • It is vital that she have the ability to think independently, as well as take care of herself so to prevent exploitation. |
| Explain difference between AI and IVF screening. | •An IVF gestational surrogate needs to be able to manage a taxing amount of medical information, injections, and logistical inconveniences. • Coping with impositions, sacrificing a lot of time, and being flexible are vital. Furthermore, beliefs in selective reduction, perspectives on multiple gestation, and beliefs about pregnancy termination all are very pertinent in this population. • On the other hand, AI (artificial insemination) surrogates need to address feelings, beliefs, and fantasies about their genetic birth child. • The genetic link is a real one, despite the fact that many candidates tend to minimize it. The child to be conceived will have a birth family, including half-siblings. • Surrogates relinquishing a child that is genetically linked also tend to receive more negative feedback than non-genetic surrogates. Their reaction to critical judgment by others needs to be assessed. |
| Explain screening of parents. | •In order for surrogacy to be successful, it is important that the couples are empathic, flexible, and respond to new situations with resilience and ego-strength. • Participants who need unrealistic amounts of control, who are narcissistic, depressed, or have notable personality disorders put themselves, the surrogate, the practice, and the child at risk. • There must be full discussion of the issues surrounding surrogacy. • It is important to assess how they have come to this choice. • Another important area of assessment is the couple's perception of the surrogate and their desire for contact. • The evaluation of couples also includes their beliefs about the future, what they may tell the child, and what they will tell others. |
| What are the counseling issues in surrogacy ? | Issues are : • Contact: client's assumptions and beliefs about the role of openness in surrogacy is an important and on going issue. • Control: The prospective parents have to do a lot of "letting go" in order to reduce anxiety • Closure: Attention to closure helps the prospective parents reduce anxieties about the unknown, helps them feel secure in the relinquishment, and provides a positive story to tell their child. • Ethics: The most obvious ethical dilemmas is a conflict of interest between the prospective parents who are probably paying for the services and the surrogate mother who you may be counseling more directly. |
| What are the Types of Counseling | •Implication counseling : . This type of counseling is aimed particularly at people thinking about using donated sperm, eggs or embryos. It may also include genetic counseling. • Support Counseling : The aim is to provide emotional support at times of particular stress–for example, when treatment fails to produce a pregnancy or the pregnancy ends in miscarriage. It is important to remember that most high-tech fertility treatment, such as IVF or ICSI has only 50% of success rate and does not assure for pregnancy. When it does not succeed then there is the potential for a lot of disappointment connected with these procedures. Support counseling might also be useful if the couple / client discover is pregnant with twins or triplets. • Therapeutic Counseling : This usually encompasses support counseling, but goes beyond it. Broadly speaking, it aims to help people cope with the consequences of infertility and fertility treatment. |
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