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| Question | Answer |
| Chromosomes | Consist of tightly coiled DNA with dissociated proteins. |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid | DNA is an example of nucleic acid, which are made of a large number of repeating units known as nucleotides. |
| DNA Nucleotide | |
| DNA Bases | Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine& Thymine |
| Sugar-phosphate backbone | Deoxyribose of one nucleotide is joined to the phosphate of the adjacent nucleotide. |
| DNA double helix | DNA is double stranded and twists to form double helix. The double strands opposite each other are held together by hydrogen bonds. |
| DNA replication | Production of an exact copy of the original DNA molecule. This process is catalysed by enzymes such as DNA polymerase and Ligase. Bio directional. |
| DNA polymerase | Enzyme which can only add nucleotides to a pre-existing chain. Short sequence of nucleotides formed at the 3' end of the parental DNA strand. |
| Ligase | Enzyme that joins fragments together, the strand is called the lagging strand of replicated DNA and its formation is described as discontinuous. |
| Step-by-step of DNA replication | Unwinds, H bonds break, unzip, replication fork formed, primer joined to 3' end-DNA polymerase starts adding nucleotides, leading strand, lagging strand, ligase. |
| DNA conservation | Replication ensures a full set of chromosomes, and no loss of genetic information. |
| RNA | A single stranded nucleic acid. Has ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose sugar like DNA does. |
| Three types of RNA | mRNA, rRNA& tRNA |
| Types of RNA: mRNA | Carries genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. |
| Types of RNA: rRNA | Ribosomes are made of rRNA and protein. |
| Types of RNA: tRNA | Carries specific Amino Acid to a growing polypeptide chain on a ribosome. |
| RNA nucleotide and bases | Same nucleotide as DNA and has the bases Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine and URACIL. |
| Template Strand | DNA strand on which complementary copy is made. |
| Lead Strand | DNA strand that is replicated continuously. |
| Lagging Strand | DNA strand that is replicated in fragments. |
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