Avian adaptions

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Animal Management Flashcards on Avian adaptions, created by Theo Yip on 08/05/2018.
Theo Yip
Flashcards by Theo Yip, updated more than 1 year ago
Theo Yip
Created by Theo Yip over 6 years ago
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Resource summary

Question Answer
Name as many adaptions 1. Thinner cortex and hollow bones 2. Internally, lightweight struts 3. Laterally flattened keel 4. Coracoid 5. Less joints 6. More cervical vertebrae
Name as many adaptions cont. 7. Longer neck 8. Lightweight beak 9. Quadrate bone 10. Craniofacial hinge 11. Fused bones
How are thinner cortex / hollow bones adapted? Lightweight
How are internally, lightweight struts adapted? Create honeycombed interior and reinforce bones
How is the laterally flattened keel adapted? Sternum extended this way > large surface area for attachment of major flight muscles
How is the longer neck adapted? Makes up for lack of flexibility in body, enable to turn head right around
How is a lightweight beak adapted? Covering mandible replacing teeth + reduces weight of skeleton (each species = characteristic beak for eating habits)
How is the craniofacial hinge adapted? Between upper beak / skull, increases mobility of beak during feeding
Example of fused bones e.g. tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus
How are the wings structured? Bones of each forelimb reduced to humerus, separate radius and ulna, fused carpal and metacarpal bones and 3 digits
Where are most wing muscles found and why? Found on body / proximal end of wing + long tendons attached lower down the wing control movement (if flight muscles on wings extra weight impedes flapping flight)
Where are most muscles on the leg? Most muscles of leg = higher up on leg / body, controlling movement via long tendons
What is the digital flexor tendon? Runs in tunnel behind intertarsal joint and supplies each digit, responsible for perching reflex
How many toes do most birds have? Most have 3 toes, 1 pointing backwards and others forwards as adaption for perching / holding prey (parrots have 2 forward / behind though)
How are ducks and rators feet adapted? Shape reflects lifestyle e.g. duck = webbed for swimming, raptors = strong talons for catching / killing prey
How are feathers structured? Develop from epidermal cells, made from keratin creating a strong + lightweight covering Central shaft filled with blood capillaries during growth, maturation > hollow
What is the vane of the feather? Vane consists of barbs + interlocking barbules hooking together to form flattened, wind-resistant surface
How are feathers kept clean and how? ‘Zipping up’ barbules to apply secretions from preen gland at base of tail to keep feathers waterproof
What are avian adaptions to the eyes? Flexible lens, thicker retina, more cones / rods, two foveas and receptor cell density
How are flexible lens adapted? Change shape to focus near and far
How are more cones / rods adapted? Varies between species, diurnal (more cones) nocturnal (more rods)
How are two foveas adapted? Helps judge speed and distance, fovea is area of densely packed receptor cells which perceive sharper images
How is receptor cell density adapted? Allow birds to see in dim light
What is a avian adaption for hearing? Specialised feathers - most birds have this surrounding ear opening to minimise air turbulence
What is a advian adaption to the central nervous sytesm? Cerebellum - the center for motor control is well developed for flying + agility abilities
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