14060437
Description
Flashcards by Jan Kowalski, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Jan Kowalski
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Development | A measure of how economically, socially, culturally or technologically advanced a country is |
| Social indicators | - life expectancy (average age) - infant mortality rate (babies/1000 that die under the age of 1) - % of people living under $1 per day - % of population with access to clean water and sanitation |
| Economic indicators | - Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - Gross National Income (GNI) - GNI per capita |
| Gross Domestic Product (GDP) | Total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year |
| Gross National Income (GNI) | Total income of a country, including earnings from abroad. Also known as Gross National Product (GNP) |
| Political indicators | - corruption (how corrupt government) - war - uses up resources, destroys buildings/infrastructure |
| Human Development Index | HDI combines data from GDP per capita, life expectancy, adult literacy and enrolment in education (higher better) to give each country in the world a score on an index 0-1 |
| Social factors holding back development | - Discrimination: some groups have less opportunities - Overpopulation: population growth outstrips resources |
| Economic factors holding back development | - No minimum wage: people paid really low - GDP: less money available |
| Political factors holding back development | - Trade - easier or harder for some countries to gain trade licences - Corruption: country needs strong, stable and honest government - Wars: use up resources, ruin countries |
| Environmental factors holding back development | - Climate (e.g. cold weather for crops) - Natural resources (trade/domestic use) - Location (e.g. landlocked, communication) |
| Core area | Highly developed urban region to which people are attracted and which receives the most investment |
| Periphery area | Usually rural areas which people may wish to migrate from towards the core region because of low investment and low prospect, less opportunities, worse services |
| Inequalities within countries | Core areas are more developed than periphery areas. Cores are likely to experience greater growth, investment, inward migration, while periphery may well be exploited and suffer from lack of investment. This is due to the core having e.g. better land (flat, fertile), transport links, better education and healthcare |
| Primary sector of production | Employment involving extracting natural resources from the land or sea, e.g. fishermen, farmers, miners |
| Secondary sector of production | Employment that involves manufacturing raw materials into something else, e.g. factory workers, carpenters, builders |
| Tertiary sector of production | Employment that involves the worker providing a service, e.g. hotel chamber maid, train drivers, doctors |
| Quaternary sector of production | Employment that involves using high technology and innovation, e.g. software designer, graphic design, geneticist |
| Clarke-Fisher Model | Model that shows the employment structure in different periods of time in a country |
| Pre-industrial employment structure | Primary sector is dominant - lots of farming. Lack of funding for other sector - secondary and tertiary almost non-existent. Applies to LEDCs and ancient times |
| Industrial employment structure | Manufacturing and new factories spring up in many location. Tertiary grows slightly. Primary continues to decline |
| Post-industrial employment structure | Tertiary becomes the most important as people require more services and have more money for them. Secondary tends to die away. Quaternary jobs begin to form as the country becomes wealthier |
| Globalisation | It refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through the movement of goods, services and capital across borders |
| Factors making globalisation faster | - Increased trade (larger profits available) - Labour availability and skills (LEDCs have cheaper skilled labour, land and fewer government restrictions) - Improvement in transport (cheaper, money can be moved electronically) - Quick communication (things done faster) |
| TNC | Transnational Corporation is a company with branches in many countries |
| Benefits of globalisation | - Money invested in LEDCs (improved standard of living, new jobs) - TNCs bring money to LEDCs (better services: healthcare, education) - Global competition - keeps prices low - Global issues force countries to cooperate, aid agencies can respond |
| Problems due to globalisation | - Richest countries dominate trade (LEDCs exploited due to cheap labour) - No guarantee that investment helps local people (TNCs may force local businesses to close du to competition) |
| Problems due to globalisation 2 | - Outsourcing decreases jobs in MEDCs - Country develops, labour more expensive, TNCs move out to other LEDCs - Loss of individuality of culture (cultures interact) |
| Outsourcing | Obtaining goods or services from an outside supplier |
| Why outsource | Some LEDCs: - no minimum wage (low) - no environmental protection - cheaper raw materials - longer working hours - no/bad H&S laws |
| Why TNCs outsource | To reduce production costs, to maximise profits |
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