1452346
Description
Flashcards by holly.whetstine9, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by holly.whetstine9
about 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| The larger the cell becomes...? | The more demands the cell places on its DNA. |
| A larger cell is less effective in moving what? | Nutrients and waste materials across its cell membrane. |
| What can enter a cell through the cell membrane? | Food, Oxygen, and Water. |
| How do you find the surface area of a cell? | Length * Width * # of Sides |
| How do you find the volume of a cell? | Length * Width * Height |
| How do you set up a ratio? | ___ : ___ (Be sure to reduce) |
| Before a cell grows too large, it divides into what? | Two daughter cells. |
| What is asexual reproduction? | The production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent. (AKA: binary fission and budding) *They are genetically identical. |
| What is sexual reproduction? | The production of different offspring from two parents (sex cells). *They inherit genetic information |
| What is carried by chromosomes? | Genetic information passed on from generation to generation. |
| Chromosomes make it possible to do what? | Separate DNA precisely during cell division. |
| How many chromosomes do most humans have? | 46. |
| What is chromatin composed of? | DNA and histone proteins |
| DNA coils around histone proteins to form what? | Nucleosomes |
| Nucleosomes interact with one another to form what? | Coils and super coils (chromatin) that make up chromosomes. |
| What are the replicated chromosomes called? | Sister chromatids. |
| What is the prokaryotic cell cycle? | 1. Regular pattern of growth 2. DNA replication 3. Cell division |
| What is interphase? | The time between cell divisions |
| What happens during G1 phase? | 1. Cells increase in size 2. Synthesize new proteins and organelles |
| What happens during S (synthesis) phase? | New DNA is synthesized when chromosomes are replicated |
| What happens during G2 phase? | Many of the organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced |
| What happens during the M (mitosis and cytokinesis) stage? | Cell division occurs |
| What is a chromatid? | Each strand of duplicated chromosome |
| What is a centromere? | The area where each pair of chromatids is joined |
| What are centrioles? | Tiny structures located in cytoplasm of animal cells that help organize the spindle |
| What is a spindle? | A fanlike microtubule structure that help separate the chromatids |
| During prophase, the first phase of mitosis, what happens? | 1. The duplicated chromosomes condense & become visible 2. The centrioles move to opposite sides of the nucleus 3. The spindle forms 4. The nucleus disappears 5. Nuclear envelope breaks down |
| During metaphase, the second phase of mitosis, what happens? | 1. The centromeres of the duplicated chromosomes line up across the center 2. The spindle fibers connect the centromere of each chromosome to the two poles of the spindle |
| During anaphase, the third phase of mitosis, what happens? | 1. The centromeres are pulled apart 2. Chromatids separate to become individual chromosomes 3. The chromosomes separate into two groups near the poles of the spindle |
| -During telophase, the fourth (final) phase of mitosis, what happens? | 1. The chromosomes spread out into tangles of chromosomes 2. A nuclear envelope re-forms around each cluster of chromosomes 3. The spindle breaks apart 4. A nucleolus becomes visible in each daughter nucleus |
| What is cytokinesis? | The division of the cytoplasm |
| What are internal regulators? | Proteins that respond to events inside a cell (allow the cell cycle to proceed only once certain processes have happened inside the cell) |
| What are cyclins? | A family of proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells |
| What are external regulators? | Proteins that respond the events outside the cell. (They direct cells to speed up or slow down the cell cycle) |
| What are growth factors? | External regulators that stimulate the growth and divisions of cells. *Important during the embryonic development and wound healing |
| What is apoptosis? | A process of programmed cell death |
| Cancer cells do not respond to the signals that regulate the growth of most cells. | As a result they are dividing uncontrollably. |
| What is cancer? | A disorder in which body cells lose the ability to control cell growth |
| What causes a tumor? | Cancer cells dividing uncontrollably |
| What is a benign tumor? | A noncancerous tumor that does not spread to surrounding healthy tissue |
| What is a malignant tumor? | A cancerous tumor that invades and destroys healthy tissues |
| What is metastasis? | The spreading of cancer cells |
| How can a tumor be treated? | Either with surgery or radiation |
| How can cancer be treated? | Either radiation or chemotherapy |
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