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Geology Flashcards

itzel.jm Geology GEOL English 238 cards

Geology Flashcards

Cards in this deck (238)

  1. 1What differences religion, art, law from science?Religion, art and law are absolute doctrines, where as Science is relative its in constant development.
  2. 2Who is the founder of the natural philosophy?Thales MiletusWho is the founder of the natural philosophy?
  3. 31.-What is the name of our galaxy? 2.-How many stars does it approximately have? 3.-What does it consist of mostly?1.-The solar system resides in the Milky Way
    2.-conglomeration of approx. 200 million starts
    3.- It consist mostly spaced starts, and dense dust.
  4. 41.-What is the diameter of the MW? 2.-Mass of the MW? 3.- How far from the center is the sun, in the MW? 4.-What kind of shape does the MW has when seen in edge view?1.- approx. 80,000 light years
    2.-approx. 750 billion times the mass of the sun
    3.- 22,000 light years from center
    4.-lens shape
  5. 5How many arms there are in the galaxy? What are their names? In which one is the Earth situated?The galaxy has 4 arms
    Sagittarius, Cygnus-Orion, Perseus,Centaurus.
    The Solar System is in the Cygnus-Orion arm.
  6. 6What is the name of the closest galaxies to the MW?Andromeda and Canis Major Dwarf
  7. 7What does this man discovered?He discovered the RED-SHIFT ( moving away from the Earth), and BLU_SHIFT (moving towards the Earth) of galaxies.What does this man discovered?
  8. 8Who is this man, and what did he provide to Science?Astronomer Edwin Hubble, who observed the farther away the galaxy is, the faster it is receding. He provided evidence to assume that the universe is expanding.
    A Paradigm level ( accepted views of the subject)    Who is this man, and what did he provide to Science?
  9. 9What are some characteristics of Science?Entirely relative, Science is not agnostic (agnostic.-cannot know), developed through contradiction and debate, science does not accept directionality.
  10. 10Anaximander of Miletus, what did he do?He produced the first map of the known worldAnaximander of Miletus, what did he do?
  11. 11In Astronomy, what were his considerations about the celestial bodiesHe considered that the earth was at the centre and the planets and the moon revolving around it.In Astronomy, what were his considerations about the celestial bodies
  12. 12Who created this system, and what is it name?Ptolemy of Alexandria, and that is the "geocentric" the earth at the centre of the system.Who created this system, and what is it name?
  13. 13Who is this man and what did he provided to science?That is Nicolaus Copernicus, he provided the "heliocentric" system where the sun is the center and the other celestial bodies orbit around it.Who is this man and what did he provided to science?
  14. 14When does the expansion of the universe initiated?13.7-13.8 billion years agoWhen does the expansion of the universe initiated?
  15. 15What are the two major subdivisions of geology? What is their difference?Physical Geology: focuses on earth components and processes.
    Historical Geology: formation and evolution of our planet, and all its supersystems. Difference: physical geology is bout CHANGE, historical geology is about EVOLUTION.
  16. 16designed the first? discovered of Jupiter?Telescope, discovered Jupiter four natural satellites: Io, Europa, Callisto,Ganymede.designed the first? discovered of Jupiter?
  17. 17Johannes Kepler demonstrated that?The planets move around the Sun on elliptical orbits.Johannes Kepler demonstrated that?
  18. 18The Royal Society of London was established?1660
  19. 19He published the first papers in Geology, about?The principles of layer formationHe published the first papers in Geology, about?
  20. 20Our galaxy is part of the______? And that group is part of a greater agglomeration of stars, the ________?1.Local group (cluster) of galaxies
    2.Virgo Supergroup (Supercluster)
  21. 21—Explains the initiation of the universeExplains the initiation of the universe
  22. 22—Measure the discrete temperature fluctuations in the deepest regions of the space.Measure the discrete temperature fluctuations in the deepest regions of the space.
  23. 23—Plotted the oldest light in the universe.Plotted the oldest light in the universe.
  24. 24Nebulae?Concentrations of interstellar gas and dust.
    Eagle Nebulae- BIRTHPLACE OF STARS
  25. 25Stars?H and He
    Star life depends on its consumption of Hydrogen, due to shrinking. Gravitational contraction.
  26. 26From smallest to largest star sizes?Earth
    Sirius B
    Proxima Centauri
    Sun
    Syrius A
    Rigel
    Antares
  27. 27????The SUN radiates energy due to continuos thermonuclear reactions.
    thermonuclear reactions-H combines to form He    ????
  28. 28SUN??98.8% of the total mass of solar system
    Temperature of 20 million degrees celsius
    Amount of radiation receive is INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL with the distance from the sun
  29. 29The solar system is composed of?The sun, 9 planets, natural satellites, asteroids, comets, meteorites, space dust
  30. 30—Natural satellite of the Earth
    Diameter of !/4 of Earth's
    1 of the largest natural satellites
    Surface consists of depression regions, and highlands.
    Surface shows numerous craters    Natural satellite of the Earth Diameter of !/4 of Earth's 1 of the largest natural satellites Surface consists of depression regions, and...
  31. 31Terrestrial planets?Small,rocky surface, thin atmosphere
    My Very Easy Method
    (Mars, Venus,Earth,Mars)
  32. 32Jovian planets?Larger, gaseous, thick atmosphere, rings
    Just Speeds Up Names
    (Jupiter, Saturn,Uranus,Neptune)
  33. 33Icy Planets?Small, surface covered with thick layer of ice
    PLUTO
  34. 34Internal Structure of Rocky planets?Internal Structure of Rocky planets?
  35. 35Jupiter natural satellites?Io
    Europa
    Callisto
    Ganymede    Jupiter natural satellites?
  36. 36What is special about Io?Its active volcanoes
  37. 37Saturn natural satellites?31, largest one TITAN
  38. 38Neptune largest natural satellite?TRITON
  39. 39LARGEST ASTEROID?CERES
  40. 40FLYING MOUNTAINS?ASTEROIDS
  41. 41COMETS CONSIST MOSTLY OF?CH4, NH3,CO2,CO,H2O
  42. 42TYPES OF METEORITES?STONY- SILICON COMPOSITION (chondrites)
    IRON- IRON AND NICKEL ALLOYS COMPOSITION
    STONY-IRON.- SILICON AND IRON-NICKEL ALLOYS COMPOSITION
  43. 43SPACE DUST CONSIST MOSTLY OF??C, Mg, Fe, Ca
  44. 44Solar Nebulae Theory? Kant- Laplace theoryformation of earth as part of the solar system
    developed by I. Kant improved by Laplace
  45. 45Solar nebulae theory phases?1.contracting cold cloud
    2. rotating and heating cloud
    3.chaotic swirling & incipient accretion
    4.formation of protoplanets & protosun
    5.birth of sun
    6.major collisions and readjustments
  46. 46Mass of the Earth?5.973x10^24 kg
  47. 47Density of Earth?5.5 g/cm^3
  48. 48Radius of earth?6378.1 km at the Equator
    6356.8 km at the Pole
    Average of 6371km
  49. 49Crystallography?Study of Crystals
  50. 50Study of minerals composition, architecture, physical properties and occurence of mineralsMineralogy
  51. 51Study of rocks, and subdisciplinesPetrology;
    1.Igneous
    2.Sedimentary
    3.Metamorphic
  52. 52Study of SedimentsSedimentology
  53. 53Study of fossilsPaleontology
  54. 54Study of layers and bodies of rocks arrangements in Earths interiorStratigraphy
  55. 55Structural Geology3D distribution of rock units w/deformation history
  56. 56Geochemstrystudy of composition of Earth, chemical reactions in natural environment, with chemistry tools
  57. 57GeochronologyGeological time in absolute values
  58. 58Tectonicsregional geological features
  59. 59Geophysicsphysical properties & materials in its composition
  60. 60GeomorphologyLandscape formation
  61. 61SeismologyEarthquakes
  62. 62Earth Formation phasesNebulae Theory
    Particle concentration
    Formation of rock chunk
    Gradual increase in size
    Primordial gravitational field (attraction of particle, inelastic collisions, collision with asteroids, rock fragments)
    radioactive decay(heat & energy)
    Gravitational differentiation (sinking of high specific gravity metals to the core, lighter mineral floating to the mantle)
  63. 63Outcropsdegradation changes original compositionOutcrops
  64. 64—Water, Mineral and Oil exploration
    rarely beyond 10km, often <3km    Water, Mineral and Oil exploration rarely beyond 10km, often &lt;3km
  65. 65—explosive detonation
    propagation of seismic wave(chemical composition, environmental characteristics, subsurface fluids)
    reflection of seismic waves
    layers and discontinuities inferred (arrival times)    explosive detonation propagation of seismic wave(chemical composition, environmental characteristics, subsurface fluids) reflection of se...
  66. 66Earthquakesnatural discharge of mechanical energy in the subsurface
    seismic observations by seismograms (amplitud, magnitude, epicenter and hypocentre position calculation)
  67. 67When _____waves are used, the discontinuities in the subsurfaces corresponds to _______, it is possible to study ____ wave propagation in order to investigate the _______ architecture in the Earth interior.1.Seismic
    2.boundaries between layers
    3.seismic wave
    4.strata
  68. 68The place where an eartquake actually happens is known as the___?Hypocenter of focus
  69. 69From the 2 types of wave function of the direction of seismic waves during an earthquake, which one travels in the Earth interior? and which one in the shallowest parts?Body waves travel inside the Earth's interior
    Surface waves travels in the shallowest parts
  70. 70Which waves are produce during the energy discharged? (in an earthquake)BODY WAVES
  71. 71What are the types of BODY waves?primary (P-waves the fastest, first to be recorded) and also known as shear waves secondary (S-waves)
  72. 72Two kinds of Surface waves?Vertical surface waves
    Horizontal surface waves
    (both slow)
  73. 73Earth internal structure Chemical SubdivisionsCORE
    MANTLE
    CRUST
  74. 74Earth Internal StructureInner Core
    Outer Core
    Mesosphere
    Asthenosphere
    Lithosphere
  75. 75THE COREEARTH CENTRE
    SOLID/MOLTEN STATTE
    Fe DOMINATED
    SUBDOMINANT IN Ni
    AVG DENSITY 11g/cm^3
  76. 76THE MANTLESEPARATES CORE FROM CRUST
    PREDOMINANTLY MADE OF SILICON, Mg and Fe
    80% by volume of earths internal structure
  77. 77GUTTENBERG DISCONTINUITY LIES AT THE BOUNDARY OF WHAT TWO LAYERS?THE MANTLE AND OUTER CORE
  78. 78THE CRUSTSILICATE DOMINATED
  79. 79WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE DISCONTINUITY THAT BOUNDS THE CRUST WITH THE MANTLE?THE MOHOROVICHICH DISCONTINUITY
  80. 80DISTANCE FROM THE CENTER TO THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH?6400 KM
  81. 81WHAT KEEPS THE INNER CORE SOLID(IN CONTRAST WITH THE OUTER CORE)?THE HIGH PRESSURES
  82. 82INNER CORE DOMINATED BY? (CONSISTED OF)IRON-NICKEL
  83. 83MATTER STATE OF INNER CORE?SOLID IN NATURE, DUE TO HIGH PRESSURE
  84. 84OUTER CORE, STATE? AND IT IS DIRECTLY UNDER THE______DISCONTINUITY?LIQUID STATE, GUTTENBERG DISCONTINUITY, CONSISTED DOMINANTLY OF IRON AND NICKEL
  85. 85MESOSPHERE CORRESPONDS TO THE?OUTER MOST LAYER
    SOLID AND HIGH TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
  86. 86ASTHENOSPHERE CORRESPONDS?TO THE PARTS OF THE UPPER MANTLE, HIGH TEMPERATURE AND REDUCES PRESSURE ZONE. EXIST IN PLASTIC STATE AND SUSCEPTIBLE TO GRADUAL FLOW.
  87. 87LITHOSPHERE CORRESPONDS TO? CHARACTERIZED BY?OUTER MOST LAYER,
    CRUST, CHARACTERIZED BY MOVEMENT AND TEARING APART
  88. 88ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH? CRUST? CORE?HIGH VARIABILITY WITHIN THE CRUST
    IRON AND NICKEL FROM THE CORE
    90% Fe, Si, O, Mg
  89. 89WHAT IS WEATHERING?PHYSICAL DISINTEGRATION OR FRAGMENTATION AND CHEMICAL ALTERATION OF SOLID ROCKS
  90. 90BREAKDOWN OF SOLID ROCKS, FORMATION OF SEDIMENT AND NEW LANDFORMS, DOES NOT INVOLVE THE MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS, CORRESPONDS TO___?WEATHERING
  91. 91WHAT IS MASS MOVEMENT?SLOW OR RAPID MOVEMENT OF SOIL OR ROCKS DOWNSLOPE DUE TO GRAVITYWHAT IS MASS MOVEMENT?
  92. 92WEATHERING FACTORS?CLIMATE
    CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
    TIME
    GEOLOGICAL FEATURES
    SURFACE AREA
  93. 93CLIMATE WEATHERING DEPENDS ON?TEMPERATURE
    RAINFALL/WATER    CLIMATE WEATHERING DEPENDS ON?
  94. 94CHEMICAL COMPOSITION WEAHERING DEPENDS ON?MINERAL STABILITY
  95. 95IS A??INCOMPETENT ROCKIS A??
  96. 96IS A??COMPETENT ROCK, BECAUSE THERE IS NO FRACTURES THAT COULD LEAD TO CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICA OR CLIMATE WEATHERINGIS A??
  97. 97WHAT IS MECHANICAL WEATHERING?PHYSICAL BREAKDOWN OF INTACT ROCKS WITHOUT ANY CHEMICAL ALTERATION
  98. 98BREAKDOWN INFLUENCED BY WIND,WATER,GLACIER AND GRAVITY IS WHAT KIND OF WEAHERING?MECHANICAL WEATHERING
  99. 99WHAT ARE THE MECHANISM OF MECHANICAL WEATHERING?STRESS RELEASE
    FREEZING AND THAWING CYCLE
    FRICTION AND ABRASION
  100. 100ARE TYPES OF?MECHANICAL WEATHERINGARE TYPES OF?
  101. 101WHAT IS JOINTING?DUE TO HIGH PRESSURE RELEASE(FROM EROSION) ON ROCK ORIGINALLY IN THE SUBSURFACE, THERE ARE CRACKS FORM THOSE ARE THE JOINTSWHAT IS JOINTING?
  102. 102FROST WEDGING? WHAT IS IT?FROST WEDGING? WHAT IS IT?
  103. 103WHAT IS EXFOLIATION ON ROCKS?COMBINATION OF PRESSURE RELEASE AND THE CYCLIC HEATING AND COOLING OF ROCKS
    ONION LIKE PEELING OF ROCKS    WHAT IS EXFOLIATION ON ROCKS?
  104. 104WHAT IS CHEMICAL WEATHERING?ROCK ALTERATION BY CHEMICAL RXN, LEADS TO CHANGE IN COMPOSITION.
  105. 105SURFACE AREA IS A N IMPORTANT FACTOR OF __________WEATHERING?CHEMICAL WEATHERING
  106. 106SOLUTION/DISSOLUTION IN CHEMICAL WEATHERING REPRESENTSMINERALS DISSOLVING IN ROCKS LEADING TO THE FORMATION OF CATIONS AND ANIONS
  107. 107HYDROLYSIS IN CHEMICAL WEATHERING OCCURS WHEN?ROCKS REACT WITH WATER AND NEW PRODUCTS ARE FORMED
  108. 108WHAT DOES HYDROLYSIS USUALLY LEADS TO FORMATION OF?CLAYS AND QUARTZ
  109. 109CHEMICAL WEATHERING: OXIDATION?REACT WITH O
    IN AIR OR WATER
    COLOR CHANGE IS COMMON
    LOSS OF ELECTRONS
  110. 110RUST IS A GOOD EXAMPLE OF?OXIDATION
  111. 111WHAT IS BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING?WEAKENING AND DISINTEGRATION OF ROCKS BY PLANTS, ANIMALS MICROBESWHAT IS BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING?
  112. 112BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING CAN BE______?MECHANICAL OR CHEMICAL
    LEAST TYPE OF WEATHERING
  113. 113MECHANISMS OF BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING ARE?BURROWING OF ANIMALS
    PLANT ROOT GROWTH
    HUMAN ACTIVITIES
  114. 114MASS MOVEMENT FACTORS?SLOPE STEEPNESS
    WATER
    VEGETATION
    GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES
  115. 115HOW DOES WATER AFFECTS MASS MOVEMENT?IT CAN INCREASE WEIGHT LEADING TO STRESS BUILT UP, ADSORPTION OF WATER IN MINERALS CAN REDUCE FRICTION,
    CAN INCREASE AND REDUSE COHESION,CAN INCREASE MINERALS AND REDUCE COHESION
  116. 116MORE PLANTS, LESS ______MASS MOVEMENT
  117. 117PLANTS REDUCES_____ FROM SOILWATER
  118. 118IN GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES, THE MORE FRACTIONS THERE ARE THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MASS MOVEMENT_________?INCREASES
  119. 119WHAT DOES SOIL CREE DOES ON TREE TRUNKS?IT CURVES THEMWHAT DOES SOIL CREE DOES ON TREE TRUNKS?
  120. 120SOIL CREEP INDICATORS?CURVED TREE TRUNKS
    TILTED POLES AND FENCES
    GROUND AND SOIL RIPPLES
  121. 121REPRESENTS?SOIL CREEPREPRESENTS?
  122. 122WHAT ARE SLUMPS?SOIL AND ROCKS SLIDING DOWN ALONG CONCAVE SLIP SURFACE
  123. 123TRIGGERED BY?WAVE ACTION
    EROSION
    HUMAN ACTIVITY    TRIGGERED BY?
  124. 124WHAT DOES SLIDE REPRESENT ON MASS MOVEMENT?SLIDING OF SOIL OR ROCK MASS DOWNHILL IN AN INTACT UNIT
  125. 125REPRESENTS?ICE SLIDE
    IT IS FAST!!!    REPRESENTS?
  126. 126—ALL MASS MOVEMENT TYPESALL MASS MOVEMENT TYPES
  127. 127FLOW IS FAST OR SLOW DOWNHILL? IT CONTAINS?FAST, MIXTURE F ROCK, SOIL AND WATER
  128. 128WHAT DOES MUDFLOW CONTAINS?MATERIALS FINER THAN SAND
  129. 129WHAT DOES DEBRIS FLAW CONTAINS?CONTAINS MATERIALS COARSER THAN SANDWHAT DOES DEBRIS FLAW CONTAINS?
  130. 130WHERE DOES LAHAR FLOWS RESULTS FROM?FROM VOLCANIC ERUPTION, AS LAVA MOVEMENTWHERE DOES LAHAR FLOWS RESULTS FROM?
  131. 131—AVALANCHE, RAPID DOWNHILL MOVEMENT OF SNOWAVALANCHE, RAPID DOWNHILL MOVEMENT OF SNOW
  132. 132WHAT ARE ROCKS?SOLID
    MADE OF MINERALS
  133. 133WHAT IS A MINERAL?NATURALLY OCCURRING
    INORGANIC
    SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS
    SOLID
    DEFINITE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
  134. 134WHAT IS A MINERALOID?BEHAVE LIKE MINERALS BUT ARE IN AMORPHOUS STATE DEVOID OF A CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE.WHAT IS A MINERALOID?
  135. 135WHAT IS AN ATOM?SMALLEST UNIT IT DEFINES CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR ISOTOPES
  136. 136ATOMIC NUCLEI?CENTER OF AN ATOM
    P(+) AND NEUTRONS(=)
  137. 137WHAT IS AN ELECTRON CLOUD?CONSISTS OF ELECTRONS (-) AND ORBITALS
  138. 138ATOMIC ## OF P(+) IN THE NUCLEUS
  139. 139MASS #TOTAL= P(+) AND NEUTRONS(=)
  140. 140ISOTOPES?ELEMENTS WITH SAME NUMBER OF PROTONS, AND DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS
  141. 141WHAT IS A MOLECULE?2 OR MORE ATOMS HELD TOGETHER IN CHEMICAL BOND, THEY ARE ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL
  142. 142WHAT IS A COMPOUND?MOLECULE OF AT LEAST TWO ATOMS OF DIFFERENT ELEMENTS
  143. 143WHAT IS AN ION? WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES?ION IS THE ATOM/MOLECULE ATTAINMENT OF STABILITY BY GAIN/LOSS OF E(-)
    CATION (+) POSITIVELY CHARGE (LOSS OF ELECTRON(-))
    ANION(-) NEGATIVELY CHARGE GAIN OF ELECTRON
  144. 144WHAT IS BONDIND?TWO OR MORE ATOMS INVOLVE
    VALENCE ELECTRONS INVOLVED
    ATOMS OF THE SAME OR DIFFERENT ELEMENTS
  145. 145TYPES OF BONDING?IONIC BONDING- TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS BETWEEN METALS AND NON-METALS(WEAK BOND)
    COVALENT- SHARING OF VALENCE E(-) (STRONG BOND)
  146. 146WHAT ARE SOME MINERALS STUDY TECHNIQUES?HAND LENS, MICROSCOPE, X-RAY, ICP-MS (INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY)
  147. 147MINERAL CRYSTAL SYSTEM: WHAT IS A CRYSTAL?UNIQUE ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES, BASED ON AXIAL LENGTH AND ANGLE
  148. 148CRYSTAL TWO SUBDIVISIONS? I______ & A______ISOMETRIC-EQUALLY DEVELOPED IN THE TREE DIRECTIONS OF SPACE
    ANISOMETRIC- LARGER IN 1 OR 2 DIRECTIONS
  149. 149—CUBIC CLASS OF CRYSTAL
    ALL ANGLES EQUAL
    ALL AXIS EQUAL    CUBIC CLASS OF CRYSTAL ALL ANGLES EQUAL ALL AXIS EQUAL
  150. 150—TETRAGONAL CRYSTAL
    2-AXIS EQUAL
    AL ANGLES EQUAL
    SIX-FOLD SYMMETRY
    TREE-FOLD SYMMETRY    TETRAGONAL CRYSTAL 2-AXIS EQUAL AL ANGLES EQUAL SIX-FOLD SYMMETRY TREE-FOLD SYMMETRY
  151. 151—HEXAGONAL CRYSTAL
    2-AXIS EQUAL
    2-ANGLES EQUAL AT 90º
    1-ANGLE AT 120º    HEXAGONAL CRYSTAL 2-AXIS EQUAL 2-ANGLES EQUAL AT 90º 1-ANGLE AT 120º
  152. 152TRIGONAL CRYSTALALL AXES EQUAL
    ALL ANGLES LESS THAN 120º NOT EQUAL TO 90º    TRIGONAL CRYSTAL
  153. 153—ORTHORHOMBIC CRYSTAL
    ALL AXIS EQUAL
    ALL ANGLES EQUAL AT 90º    ORTHORHOMBIC CRYSTAL ALL AXIS EQUAL ALL ANGLES EQUAL AT 90º
  154. 154MONOCLINICALL AXES UNEQUAL
    2 ANGLES AT 90º
    1 ANGLE GREATER THAN 90º    MONOCLINIC
  155. 155—ALL AXES UNEQUAL
    ALL ANGLES UNEQUAL    ALL AXES UNEQUAL ALL ANGLES UNEQUAL
  156. 156—MINERAL CRYSTAL CLASSESMINERAL CRYSTAL CLASSES
  157. 157PHYSICAL PROPERTIESCOLOR
    STREAK
    HARDNESS
    LUSTER
    TWINNING
    HABIT
    CLEAVAGE
    FACES AND FORMS
  158. 158PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC COLORAFFECTED BY IMPURITIESPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC COLOR
  159. 159PHYSICAL PROPERTY STREAKCOLOR OF POWDER LEFT WHEN RUBBED AGAINST PORCELAIN TILEPHYSICAL PROPERTY STREAK
  160. 160—LUSTER
    METALLIC AND NON-METALLIC    LUSTER METALLIC AND NON-METALLIC
  161. 161NON-METALLIC LUSTREGREASY
    SILKY
    VITREOUS
    DULL
  162. 162HARDNESS ON MINERLAS PHYSICAL PROPERTYMINERALS RESISTANCE TO SCRATCHING
  163. 163WHAT SCALE IS USED TO MEASURE THE HARDNESS OF CRYSTALS?MOHS SCALE
    FROM 1 TO 10
  164. 164DIAMOND IS THE # IN SCALE TALC IS THE # IN SCALE MOHS SCALEDIAMOND #10 HARDEST ONE
    TALC #1 SOFTEST ONE
  165. 165FACES AND FORMS CRYSTAL PHYSICAL PROPERTYDEGREE OF DEVELOPMENT OF MINERAL SHAPE
  166. 166EUHEDRALWELL FORMED CRYSTALSEUHEDRAL
  167. 167SUBHEDRALCRYSTAL MORPHOLOGY OBSERVED BUT NO WELL DEFINEDSUBHEDRAL
  168. 168ANHEDRALNO DEFINED CRYSTAL MORPHOLOGYANHEDRAL
  169. 169HABIT ON MINERAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIESCHARACTERISTIC APPEARANCE OF MINERALS
  170. 170TYPES OF HABIT?EQUANT
    RHOMBOHEDRAL
    TABULAR
    BLADED
    PRISMATIC
    ACICULAR
  171. 171HABIT TYPE?EQUANTHABIT TYPE?
  172. 172—CLEAVAGE TYPESCLEAVAGE TYPES
  173. 173—HABIT: RHOMBOHEDRALHABIT: RHOMBOHEDRAL
  174. 174WHAT KIND OF HABIT IS THIS?TABULAR HABITWHAT KIND OF HABIT IS THIS?
  175. 175WHAT KIND OF HABIT IS THIS?BLADED HABITWHAT KIND OF HABIT IS THIS?
  176. 176WHAT KIND OF HABITAT IS THIS?PRISMATIC HABITATWHAT KIND OF HABITAT IS THIS?
  177. 177WHAT KIND OF HABIT IS THIS?ACICULAR HABITWHAT KIND OF HABIT IS THIS?
  178. 178WHAT IS TWINNING?INTER-GROWTH OF TWO OR MORE CRYSTAL OF THE SAME MINERALWHAT IS TWINNING?
  179. 179WHAT IS CLEAVAGE?SURFACE ARE PLANAR AND SMOOTH
    DESCRIBES THE BREAKAGE OF MINERALS ALONG PLANES OF WEAKNESS
  180. 180TRANSPARENCY IN PHYSICAL PROPERTYREFERS TO HOW THE CRYSTAL LETS LIGHT PASS THROUGH IT
  181. 181PARTING IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIESREPRESENT WEAKNESS SURFACES IN A MINERAL
  182. 182MINERAL CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION BASED ON CRYSTALS CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
  183. 183NON-SILICATES GROUP OF MINERAL CLASSIFICATIONNATIVE ELEMENTS
    OXIDES
    HALIDES
    SULFIDES/SULPHIDE
    CARBONATES
    SULFATES/SULPHATES
  184. 184NATIVE ELEMENTS WHAT ARE THE THREE GROUPSCOMPOSED OF SINGLE ELEMENT
    METALS
    SEMI METALS
    NON METALS
  185. 185OXIDES MINERAL CLASSIFICATION FOUND IN ___TYPES OF ROCKS?METALLIC ELEMENTS AND OXYGEN
    FIND IN ALL TYPES OF ROCKS
    IGNEOUS
    SEDIMENTARY
    METAMORPHIC
  186. 186HALIDES METALIC ELEMENTS AND_____COMBINATION OF METALLIC ELEMENT AND HALOGEN
    COMMON HALITE-NaCl
  187. 187SULFIDE SSULFUR ANION IS A KEY COMPONENT
    METALLIC LUSTRE
    e.g.- PYRITE FeS2
  188. 188SULFATES (SO2)^2- FOUND INFOUND IN ALL TYPES OF ROCKS
    WIDE VARIETY IN COLOR
    e.g. GYPSUM- CaSO4*2H2O
  189. 189CARBONATES (CO3)^2-CATIONS MADE OF METALS
    CONTAINS CARBONATE ANION
    e.g. Calcite CaCO3
  190. 190SILICATES (SiO4)^4- CONSTITUDE ABOUT ___% OF MINERALS IN THE CRUST AND MANTLE90%
    CONTAINS SILICATE(Si,O)
  191. 191WHAT IS THE COMPOSITION OF A SILICA TETRAHEDRA?ONE ATOM OF SILICON IN THE MIDDLE, WITH FOUR ATOMS OF OXYGEN ARANGE LIKE THIS:WHAT IS THE COMPOSITION OF A SILICA TETRAHEDRA?
  192. 192SUBDIVISIONS OF SILICA TETRAHEDRANESOSILICATES
    INOSILICATES
    SOROSILICATES
    PHYLLOSILICATES
    TECTOSYLLICATES
    CYCLOSYLLICATES
  193. 193NESOSILICATES CHARACTERISTICS?SILICA TETRAHEDRA NO JOINED TO EACH OTHER
    BONDS TO CATIONS ONLY, WITH IONIC BOND
    OLIVINE-(Fe,Mg)2SiO4    NESOSILICATES CHARACTERISTICS?
  194. 194INOSILICATES CHARACTERISTICSSILICA TETRAHEDRA SHARE 2 OXYGEN WITH OTHER SILICA TETRAHEDRA
    COVALENT BOND BETWEEN TETRAHEDRA    INOSILICATES CHARACTERISTICS
  195. 195SOROSILICATES ALSO DOUBLE CHAIN SILICATESADJACENT SILICA TETRAHEDRA SHARE TWO OR THREE OXYGENS, DUE COVALENT BOND
    CATIONS BONDED TO TETRAHEDRA DUE IONIC BOND
  196. 196PHYLLOSILICATES OR SHEET-SILLICATESSILICA TETRAHEDRA SHARED THREE OXYGEN ATOMS WITH OTHER TETRAHEDRA, WITH COVALENT BONDPHYLLOSILICATES OR SHEET-SILLICATES
  197. 197TECTOSILICATES ALSO FRAMEWORK SILICATESSHARE FOUR OXYGEN ATOMS WITH OTHER TETRAHEDRA
    THREE DIMENSIONAL FRAMEWORK
    FLEXIBLE STRUCTURE    TECTOSILICATES ALSO FRAMEWORK SILICATES
  198. 198CYCLOSILICATES ALSO RING SILICATES3,4,6 SILICA TETRAHEDRA SHARE TWO OXYGEN ELECTRONS
    BERYL----->    CYCLOSILICATES ALSO RING SILICATESCYCLOSILICATES ALSO RING SILICATES
  199. 199HOW ARE IGNEOUS ROCKS FORM?THROUGH THE COOLING AND SOLIDIFICATION OF MOLTEN MATTER
    MAGMA OR LAVA
    TRANSFORMATION FROM LIQUID AND GASEOUS TO SOLID
  200. 200WHAT IS MAGMA?MOLTEN MATTER AT SUBSURFACE
    TEMP. 700º TO 1300º
    SLOWER COOLING
  201. 201WHICH ONE OF THESE COOLS FASTER? LAVA OR MAGMALAVA COOLS FASTER
  202. 202WHAT IS LAVA?MOLTEN MATTER
    CAN BE EXPLOSIVE
    TEMP. 700º TO 1300º
  203. 203WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN TEMPERATURE BETWEEN LAVA AND MAGMA?NONE, BOTH RANK BETWEEN 700º TO 1300ºC
  204. 204IGNEOUS ROCKS CLASSIFICATIONCRYSTALLINITY
    GRAIN SIZE
    CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL
    MODE OF OCCURRENCE
  205. 205WHAT IS CRYSTALLINITY BASED ON?DEGREE OF CRYSTALLIZATION,
    TEXTURAL CLASSIFICATION, COOLING HISTORY
  206. 206WHAT IS NUCLEATION?FIRST STEP IN THE FORMATION OF MATTER FROM ANOTHER STATE
  207. 207WHAT ARE THE TWO GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS?INTRUSIVE ROCKS-MAGMA SOLIDIFICATION BENEATH THE SURFACE SLOW COOLING, eg GRANITE
    EXTRUSIVE ROCKS-LAVA CRYSTALLIZATION AT EARTH SURFACE FAST COOLING, eg BASALT
  208. 208CRYSTALLINITY REFERS TORATIO OF MINERALS AND GLASS IN THE COMPOSITION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
  209. 209TREE SUBDIVISIONS OF CRYSTALLINITY ARE?HOLOHYALLINE
    HOLOCYSTALLINE
    HYPOHYALINE OR HYPOCRYSTILLINE
  210. 210HOLOHYALLINE GLASSCONSIST OF ENTIRELY AMORPHOUS SUBSTANCE, EXTRUSIVE INCLUDE HERE,
    FAST COOLING HISTORY
  211. 211HOLOCYSTALLINE MINERALSCONSIST OF MINERALS ONLY, THIS CATEGORY ONLY INCLUDES INTRUSIVE, SLOW COOLING MAGMA
  212. 212HYPOHYALINE OR HYPOCRYSTALLINE BOTHMINERALS AND GLASS IN THEIR MASS, CAN BE BOTH INTRUSIVE OR EXTRUSIVE.
  213. 213GRAIN SIZE CLASSIFICATIONBASED ON SIZE OF INDIVIDUAL GRAINS
  214. 214GRAIN SIZE DIFFERENT TEXTURES ARE?PHANERITIC TEXTURE
    APHANITIC TEXTURE
    GLASSY TEXTURE
    FRAGMENTAL TEXTURE
  215. 215PHANERITIC TEXTURELARGE GRAIN SIZES
    CAN BE SEEN WITH NAKED EYE
    SLOW MAGMA COOLING HISTORY
    INTRUSIVE ROCKS
  216. 216APHANERITIC TEXTURE e.g.BASALTFINE GRAINS
    GRAIN LESS THAN 1MM
    GRAINS CANNOT BE SEEN WITH NAKED EYE
    FAST MAGMA COOLING
  217. 217GLASSY TEXTURE FASTESTFASTEST COOLING PROCESS OF MOLTEN MATTER AT THE EARTHS SURFACE
  218. 218FRAGMENTAL TEXTUREOCCURS WHEN MIXED IGNEOUS AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS CHARACTERISTIC ARE PRESENT
  219. 219MAFIC MINERALSDARKER IN COLOR
    RICH IN IRON AND MAGNESIUM
  220. 220FELSIC MINERALSLIGHT COLORES
    RICH IN SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND ALUMINIUM
  221. 221ROCK FORMING MAFIC MINERALS THERE ARE 4OLIVINE
    PYROXENES
    AMPHIBOLES
    BIOTITE
  222. 222OLIVINE ON THE SUBDIVISON OF SILICATES IT IS A___? (SiO4)^4-NESOSILICATE
  223. 223PYROXENES, SUBDIVISION OF SILICATES, SINGLE-______INOSILICATES
  224. 224AMPHIBOLES, ALSO DOUBLE-______ SILICATESSOROSILICATES
  225. 225BIOTITE, ALSO SHEET SILICATEPHYLLOSILICATE
  226. 226FELSIC GROUPPLAGIOCLASE FELDSPAR
    MUSCOVITE
    QUARTZ
  227. 227FELSIC: PLAGIOCLASE FELDSPAR ALSO FRAMWORK SILICATESTECTOSILICATES(SHARE FOUR OXYGEN ATOMS BETWEEN SILICA TETRAHEDRA), FLEXIBLE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
  228. 228FELSIC GROUP:MUSCOVITEPHYLLOSILICATE ( SHEET SILICATES, SHARES THREE OXYGEN ATOMS BETWEEN SILICA TETRAHEDRA WITH COVALENT BOND, AND IONIC BOND BETWEEN CATIONS)
  229. 229FELSIC GROUP:QUARTZ FRAMEWORK SILICATESTECTOSILICATES
    CHEMICAL FORMULA SiO2
  230. 230FELSIC ROCKS: GENERAL COLOR? RICH IN? COMPOSED OF? FORM THROUGH? EXAMPLES?LIGHT COLORED
    SODIUM AND POTASSIUM RICH FELDSPARS
    QUARTZ & MUSCOVITES
    SOLIDIFICATION OF GRANITIC MAGMA
    GRANITE, RHYOLITE
  231. 231INTERMEDIATE ROCKS: MIXTURE OF? FORM FROM? FELDSPAR RICH IN?FELSIC AND MAFIC ROCKS
    FORMED FROM ANDESITIC MAGMA
    Na
  232. 232MAFIC ROCKS: COLOR? RICH IN FELDSPAR? DOMINATED BY?DARK COLORED
    Ca FELDSPAR
    PYROXENES(INOSILICATES/ SINGLE CHAIN SILICATES) & OLIVINE(NESOSILICATES)
  233. 233ULTRA MAFIC ROCKS: COLOR? COMINATED BY? HIGHEST? FORM FROM WHICH MAGMA?DARK COLORED
    DOMINATED BY OLIVINE & Ca- RICH FELDSPARS
    HAVE HIGHEST DENSITY
    ULTRAMAFIC MAGMA
  234. 234EXTRUSIVE ARE FORMABOVE THE EARTH SURFACE
  235. 235INTRUSIVE ARE FORMBENEATH THE EARTH SURFACE
  236. 236EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS EXPLOSIVEEXPLOSIVE MEANS SILICA RICH LAVA
    GASES TRAPPED IN LAVA
  237. 237EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS NON-EXPLOSIVELAVA FLOW
    MAGNESIUM AND IRON RICH LAVA
    SLOW MOVEMENT OF MOLTEN LAVA
  238. 238EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS TEXTUREVESICULAR
    GLASSY
    PYROCLASTIC
    PILLOW BASALTS

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GEOL Geology Flashcards on Geology Flashcards, created by itzel.jm on 13/10/2014.
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