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Question	Answer
Sediments are transported by	wind, water, and ice
process of lithification	compression, compaction, cementing
layers in sedimentary rocks	strata
rocks are broken down into sediments by	denudation (weathering and erosion)
Rocks are destroyed at	Subduction zones
Igneous rocks are formed by	Magma/lava cools and becomes solid
examples of igneous rocks	basalt, granite, pumice
Sedimentary rocks form	Sediments (plants, remains of animals, rocks), accumulate, compress, compact, and cement into a solid
examples of sedimentary rocks	limestone, shale, sandstone, conglomerate, coal
Metamorphic rock is formed by	rocks being changed by great heat and/or pressure
examples of metamorphic rocks	marble, quartzite, gneiss, slate, schist
Types of igneous rocks	Plutonic (Intrusive) Volcanic (Extrusive)
Plutonic (intrusive) rock	Granite
Granite forms	when magma cools slowly within the Earth's crust
Granite has _____ crystals because	Large crystals because the magma cooled slowly
Granite is _______ in texture	Coarse
Colour of granite and why it varies	The colour of granite varies from white, grey, pink, to black. It varies because of different percentages of the minerals mica, feldspar, and quartz.
Granite formed ______ million year ago during the ________ foldings	Granite formed 400 million years ago during the Caledonian foldings
Where can granite be found?	The Mourne Mountains Co. Down The Dublin-Wicklow Mountains - The Leinster Batholith
Granite is ______ and ______ and is therefore used for ___________	Granite is strong and resistant and is used as a building material
Other uses of granite	Kitchen worktops Fireplaces
When granite is weathered it produces	Clay
Volcanic (extrusive) rock	Basalt
Basalt formed when	Magma cooled outside the Earth's crust
Size of crystals in basalt and why	Small crystals (microscopic) because the lava cooled quickly when it was exposed to the elements
Texture of basalt	Fine-to-medium-grained
Colour of basalt	Black to dark grey
Minerals in basalt	Feldspar, quartz
Properties of basalt and what they make it appropriate for	Hard, resistant Used for road construction (too dark for buildings)
Where can basalt be found	The Antrim-Derry Plateau --> The Giant's Causeway
Sedimentary rocks form from	The build up of sediments over millions of years
Process of lithification	Accumulation, compression, compaction, and cementing into solid rock
Layers in sedimentary rock	Strata
Horizontal weaknesses in sedimentary rock	Bedding planes
Vertical weaknesses in sedimentary rocks	Joints
Permeability of sedimentary rocks	Permeable
examples of organic sedimentary rocks	limestone, coal
examples of inorganic sedimentary rocks	sandstone and conglomerate
Organic sedimentary rocks come from	The remains of once living organisms e.g. plants and animals
Organic sedimentary rock	Limestone
Formation of limestone	Limestone formed on the bed of warm, tropical, shallow seas about 350 million years ago when Ireland lay close to the Equator (Carboniferous era)
Process of lithification in limestone	Over time the bodies of dead marine creatures e.g. shells, coral, teeth, skeletons etc. accumulate on the sea floor. The weight of water and the great weight of the water caused compression, compaction, and cementing into solid limestone.
Cement in limestone	Calcium carbonate from shells
Limestone is weathered by	Carbonation
Limestone may contain	Fossils as it forms at temperatures that do not destroy fossil remains.
Colour variation in limestone and why	Limestone varies in colour white to grey to black depending on impurities in the water.
Uses of limestone	Cement and in construction
Where is limestone found and what kind of landscape is it?	The Burren Co. Clare - Karst landscape
Chalk	Pure white form of limestone
Inorganic sedimentary rocks form from	The remains of pre-existing rocks e.g. sand, clay, pebbles
Sediments are transported by ______ to _____	Sediments are transported by wind, water, and moving ice to lakes, oceans and seas.
Lithification of inorganic sedimentary rocks	Sediments are compressed, compacted, and cemented under the weight of water and overlying layers
Inorganic sedimentary rock	Sandstone
Where can sandstone be found in Ireland?	The mountains of Munster e.g. Caha
sandstone in Munster is also known as	old red sandstone
texture of sandstone	coarse
colour of sandstone and why	red or brown because of the presence of iron oxide
Formation of sandstone	Sandstone formed 400 million years ago, when Ireland had a desert type climate. It formed when sand or quartz deposited on land or in water were compressed and cemented together.
Sanstone is porous which means	that it can hold oil or gas
Uses of sandstone	building rock e.g. front of houses and road chippings
Where can sandstone be found?	Comeragh mountains Co. Waterford Magillycuddy's Reeks Co.Kerry
Shale	Clay compacted
Coal	Vegetation
mudstone	mud
Metamorphic rocks are formed	when igneous or sedimentary rocks under change due to great heat and/or pressure
Thermal/contact metamorphism	When heat causes the rocks to change/metamorphose
Types of metamorphism	Regional/dynamic Thermal/contact
examples of metamorphic rocks	marble, quartzite
Effects of metamorphism on: hardness colour chemical composition foliation	Rock is harder than original Colour may change due to the effect of heat Mineral crystals may be rearranged to form foliated metamorphic rock e.g. gneiss Heat and pressure may cause the rock minerals to recombine to form different minerals in the metamorphic rock.
Sandstone that changed due to great heat and pressure	Quartzite
The spaces between the grains of quartz are filled with _____ from ______	The spaces between the grains of quartz are filled with silica from magma
Permeability of sandstone	The silica and quartz re packed very tightly together making quartzite very resistant to erosion.
Colour of quarzite	light-coloured rock, often white
Where can quartzite be found?	The peaks of mountains such as Croagh Patrick Co.Mayo and the Sugarloaf Co.Wicklow
Uses of quartzite and why	It is a hard rock and is therefore used for road surfacing
When limestone is changed by heat and/or pressure the resulting rock is	Marble
Properties of marble	Hard, crystalline rock
Colours of marble and where they can be found	Green (Connemara), white (Rathlin Island Co. Antrim), red (Cork),
White marble comes from	Pure limestone changing in composition
What causes marble not to be pure white and give examples	Impurities e.g. clay, silt, sand, iron oxides
Uses of marble	Marble can be cut and polished and used for kitchen worktops, gravestones, ornaments, fireplaces, and building materials (extracting for building materials by quarrying)
Image: examtime (image/jpg)	Basalt
Image: examtime (image/jpg)	Sandstone
Image: examtime (image/jpg)	Quartzite
Image: examtime (image/jpg)	Granite
Image: examtime (image/jpg)	Limestone
Image: examtime (image/jpg)	Marble

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