16001056
Description
Flashcards by Abby Bickle, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Abby Bickle
about 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Examples of visual communication functions | species recognition, territory claiming, attraction/courtship, predator defense/distraction |
| Why have visual displays | It helps to avoid physical conflicts, conserving energy and avoiding injury |
| Ritualized behavior | Follows a pattern to convey certain messages |
| Aggressive visual displays | crest displays, wing displays, bill displays; to assert dominance/threaten other bird |
| Alerting visual displays | flock flushing, misleading predators (e.g. broken wing) |
| Begging visual displays | nestlings/fledglings opening mouths for food |
| Mating visual displays | mock feeding (pheasant picking); feather displays (mating plumage, positioning); structure building (bower birds); body positioning (head displays e.g. common goldeye duck) |
| Types of vocalizations | alarm/stress; contact calls; songs (generally male specific except raptors) |
| vocalization complexity | simple (chirps, for alarm/stress/contact); complex (songs, for mating, territorial, mimicry) |
| Mammal larynx vs bird syrinx | mammal = up high, one tube bird = down low, two tubes |
| respiratory muscles | external intercostals (pull air in); apendicostalis (move muscles in ribs); rectus abdominus (up and down); transversus (across) |
| Syringeal muscles | Control complex song production; intrinsic (inside) + extrinsic (outside) |
| Regions of the brain | Hyperpallium -> Mesopallium -> Nidopallium -> Archopallium; Area X (males only) |
| Neural control of song | High Vocal Center (nidopall.) -> Robust Nucleus (Archo.) -> Tracheosyringeal motor nucleus (brain stem) -> syringeal muscles |
| Song Learning Pathway | Left Hemisphere; Magnocellular nucleus of anterior neostriatum (MAN) -> Area X -> HVC; work in recursive loop for learning |
| zeitgebers | external cues that effect internal processes (e.g. day-length/light -> molting, migration, gonad size, hormones, etc.) |
| Pituitary hormones | Follicle stimulating; growth hormone; lutenizing hormone; prolactin + oxytocin; |
| zugunruhe | migratory restlessness |
| Female bird anatomy | only left ovaries, right side reduced |
| Examples of polyandry | spotted sandpiper, sandarlings, wilsons phalarope, red phalarope |
| cooperative breeding | helpers, usually male offspring from prev. broods, help tend to young; red cockaded woodpeckers + scrub jays |
| mound nesters | Megapodes (australian brushturkey); bury eggs in large mound with organic material on top; no incubation/turning; rotting organic matter warms eggs |
| simple ground nesters | killdeer, chuck-wills-widow, whip-poor-will |
| stick nesters | most typical; cardinals, blue jays, etc. |
| woven nests | vireos, african weavers |
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