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Description
Flashcards by Rebecca Sikarev, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Rebecca Sikarev
about 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is the immune system? | The immune system is a network of cells,tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body from harmful germs. |
| What is a pathogen? | A pathogen is an organism or virus that causes a disease. |
| What are some examples of pathogens? | Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Parasites, and Prions |
| Are all bacteria bad? | No. Bacteria in our gut, Lactobacillus acidophilus, helps us digest food,destroy disease causing organisms, and provides nutrients. |
| What are white blood cells? | White blood cells are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious diseases and foreign invaders. |
| What are white blood cells also called? | Leukocytes |
| What is the bodies first line of defense against germs? | A physical barrier including skin, tears, saliva, mucus, and stomach acid |
| What is the bodies second line of defense against germs? | An internal barrier of white blood cells which multiply to eliminate invading pathogens. |
| How does your body know to fight? | Antigens on the surface of pathogens are recognized and trigger a response. |
| What is the first step of the immune system? | Antigens on the surface of pathogens are recognized. |
| What is the second step of the immune system? | The pathogen is then marked with antibodies. |
| What is the third step of the immune system? | The pathogen and/or infected cells are attacked |
| How are they attacked? | They are lysed and engulfed |
| What is the fourth step of the immune system? | The body keeps memory cells for future invasions |
| What do B-cells do? | They label invaders for later destruction |
| What do macrophages do? | They consume pathogens |
| What do Cytotoxic T-cells do? | They kill infected cells |
| What do Helper t-cells do? | They activate B-cells |
| What else do macrophages do? | They consume infected cells |
| What else do Helper t-cells do? | They activate cytotoxic cells |
| What is the ratio of one white blood cell to body cells. | 1 white blood cell: 50 body cells |
| What are the 3 specific immune responses? | 1) B-cells make antibodies that bind to the antigen. 2) Macrophages engulf clumps of bacteria or virus 3) T-cells help the B-cells or kill infected cells |
| What is the inflammatory response? | The inflammatory response occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria. The damaged cells release the chemical histamine to leak fluid into the tissues, causing swelling. |
| What four nonspecific defenses are caused by pathogens invading the body? | 1. The inflammatory response 2. The temperature response 3. Proteins that kill or inhibit pathogens 4. White blood cells that attack and kill pathogens |
| What three effects does increased blood flow have on an infection site? | 1. Swelling 2. Redness 3. Irritation |
| What effect do fevers have on many disease-causing bacteria? | Fevers reduce the production of pathogens |
| What does the release of the chemical histamine cause? | It causes blood vessels to dilate |
| What are vaccines? | Vaccines are weakened or mild forms of pathogens that are injected into the body |
| What do vaccines do? | They build up antibodies to prepare for future attack. |
| What is maternal immunity? | It's when antibodies from the mother are passed through breast milk to the baby. |
| What are examples of non-infectious diseases? | 1) Diabetes 2) Heart disease 3) Cardiovascular disease 4) Cancer 5) Any mental illness |
| What causes a non-infectious disease? | 1. Poor nutrition 2. Smoking 3. Polluted air, water, or soil 4. Inherited diseases 5. Cancer (uncontrolled cell growth) 6. Auto-immune responses |
| What is an infectious disease? | Contagious diseases that are caused by pathogens. |
| What are some examples of nutritional diseases? | 1) Scurvy- caused by lack of vitamin c 2) Heart disease 3) Type II diabetes 4) High blood pressure 5) Cholesterol 6) Gout |
| What do genetic diseases do? | They affect the chromosomes |
| What are some examples of genetic diseases? | 1. Down's syndrome 2. Progeria (rapid aging) |
| What are the most common types of cancers? | 1) Melanoma (skin cancer) 2) Ovarian cancer 3) Breast cancer 4) Testicular cancer 5) Prostate cancer 6) Throat cancer 7) Lung cancer 8) Leukemia (blood cancer) |
| What are examples of auto-immune diseases? | 1) Lupus 2) Celiac and Crohn's disease 3) Eczema |
| What are vectors? | Vectors are organisms that can transfer disease by acting as a host for pathogens |
| What are common types of vectors? | 1) Flies 2) Rats and mice 3) Mosquitoes |
| What do flies transmit? | Bacteria causing food poisoning |
| What do rats and mice transmit? | They carry fleas which can transmit disease |
| What do mosquitoes transmit? | They can carry malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever |
| What are the 2 main types of leukocytes? | 1. Lymphocytes 2. Phagocytes |
| What do phagocytes do? | Phagocytes eat pathogens. This allows them to transmit and analyze the eaten pathogen, and then send the information to the lymphocytes. |
| What do lymphocytes do? | They go in search of infected cells and kill them of. They're also called T-cells. |
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