Created by eimearkelly3
about 11 years ago
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Question | Answer |
Metabolism | The sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in an organism |
cellular energy | sources of energy that are capable of being released by reaction within a cell |
A catalyst | Speeds up a reaction without being used up in the reaction |
Enzymes are | biological catalysts (proteins) |
some metabolic reactions controlled by enzymes | photosynthesis respiration digestion protein synthesis cell division |
Shape of enymes | globular ---> complex 3D shape |
substrate | the substance with which an enzyme reacts |
product | the substance(s) the enzyme forms |
denatured | the specific 3D shape of the enzyme has changed and will no longer fit the substrate (generally irreversible) |
factors affecting enzyme activity | temperature ph |
catabolic enymes | break complex molecules down into simple molecules e.g. amylase breaks starch down into maltose (found in saliva, the pancreas, and germinating seeds) |
anabolic enzymes | convert simple molecules into more complex molecules e.g. DNA polymerase forms and repairs DNA |
Active site | The part of the enzyme that combines with the substrate |
The induced fit model | the enzyme-substrate complex |
immobilised enzymes are | attached to, or fixed to, each other or an inert material (not free in solution) |
bioreactor | a stainless steel vessel used to produce useful substances from the activities of biological agents |
bioprocessing | the use of enzyme-controlled reactions to produce a product / the use of biological materials (organisms, cells, organelles, enzymes) to manufacture commercial products or treatment procedures of commercial, medical, or scientific interest e.g. drugs, vaccines, antibiotics |
use of immobilised enzymes | in urine testing for illegal drugs and other chemicals |
example of bioprocessing with enzymes | production of glucose and fructose from sucrose using sucrase |
Physical methods of immobilising enzymes | Adsorption Enclosed by a membrane Trapped in a gel |
Chemical methods of immobilising enzymes | Bond to support Bond to each other |
adsorption | enzymes are physically attached to inactive supports such as glass beads, ceramics, cellulose particles or artificial polymers such as gels (all insoluble) |
sodium alginate | is commonly used as a gel for immobilisation. This gel is permeable to the entry of the substrate and the exit of the product. The gel prevents the exit of the enzyme |
advantages of immobilised enzymes | can be reused - cheaper can be recovered from the reaction vessel at the end of the process - rapidly purified immobilisation often stabilises the enzyme - reduces the amount needed cheaper than using free enzymes but just as efficient |
uses of immobilised enzymes | penicillin acylase --> alters the structure of penicillin to produce a wider spectrum antibiotic. glucose isomerase --> converts glucose to fructose which is used to sweeten soft drinks. lactose --> used to convert lactose into sweeter tasting sugars (glucose + galactose). These products are used to replace condensed milk in the manufacture of soft toffee and caramel. |
Ideal temperature for human enzymes | 37 degrees |
Ideal temperature for plant enzymes | 20-30 degrees |
At what temperature do enzymes become denatured | 50 degrees |
Optimum PH for most enzymes | 6-8 |
Optimum PH for pepsin in the stomach | 2 |
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