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Description
Flashcards by rachel hudson, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by rachel hudson
about 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What are general genes? | General genes are the first type of gene switched on in every cell and code for vital proteins necessary for basic biological processes |
| What are specialised genes? | Specialised genes are the second type of gene that are switched on only in certain cells, or at certain times, and code for proteins made only by that type of cell |
| How are genes involved in the specialisation of cells? | Certain gene are switched on/off to code for the vital proteins that make a cell specialised |
| What is a stem cell? | A stem cell is an unspecialised/undifferentiated cell |
| What are the two main types of stem cell found in humans? | Embryonic stem (from embryos) Adult stem cells (from adult tissue) |
| What is the main function of stem cells in adults? | To repair organs attacked by disease or tissue injury |
| What is a meristem? | The site of production of non-specialised cells in plants The site of cell division in a plant |
| What is the order of the 5 zones of apical meristems? | Root cap Region of Mitosis & Cell Division Region of Cell Elongation & Vacuolation Region of Differentiation Permanent Tissue |
| Stem cells have the potential to become _________________________ | Different types of cell |
| What is differentiation? | The process by which an unspecialised cell becomes altered and adapted to perform a special function as part of a permanent tissue |
| All organisms exhibit ___________ | Growth |
| Growth is _____________________ | An irreversible increase in the dry mass of an organism |
| There are ___________ and ___________ meristems | 1. Apical 2. Lateral |
| Groups of organs work together to form __________ | Systems |
| A tissue is __________________ | A group of specialised cells that have a similar structure and function |
| An organ is composed of _______________ | A specific arrangement of different tissues |
| Organ systems are _______________ | Groups of organs that carry out a particular function |
| Mitosis is __________ | A process that allows the number of cells to increase, but maintains the diploid number of chromosomes in each cell |
| Variables such as ___________, ___ and _______________ must be controlled when carrying out the tissue culture techniques | Oxygen pH Temperature |
| Chromosomes contain ____________________ | Genetic information |
| Chromosomes are made from _____________________ | DNA |
| The two DNA strands are held together by ________________________ | Complementary base pairs |
| The sequence of the DNA bases encodes information for ____________________ | The sequence of amino acids in proteins |
| Proteins are built from ________________ | Amino acids |
| The shape of a protein determines its _______________ | Function |
| Enzymes function as ________________ because they speed up the rate of ________________________ | Biological catalysts Biochemical reactions |
| Enzymes remain ___________ at the end of a reaction | Unchanged |
| What is an active site? | The place on an enzyme's surface which matches the shape of the substance it works on (its substrate) |
| Enzymes are _____________ | Specific |
| Enzymes are affected by _____________ | Temperature |
| When an enzyme changes shape, we say it is ________________ | Denatured |
| Genetic information can be transferred from one cell to another using _____________ | Genetic engineering |
| Genetic engineering is ______________ | The transfer of DNA from one type of organism to another artificially |
| What are some examples of use for genetic engineering? | Insulin Human growth hormone Factor VIII |
| Photosynthesis is ________________ | The chemical process by which green plants make sugar |
| The raw materials needed for photosynthesis are _____________ and ________________ | Carbon dioxide Water |
| The requirements for photosynthesis are ___________ and _______________ | Light Chlorophyll |
| Photosynthesis takes place in the _____________ | Chloroplast |
| The first stage of photosynthesis is __________________ | The light reactions |
| During photolysis __________ is trapped by chlorophyll in the chloroplasts and is converted into chemical energy in the form of ________ | Light energy ATP |
| During photolysis, water is split to produce _____________ and ____________ | Hydrogen Oxygen |
| The second stage of photosynthesis is the __________________ | Carbon fixation stage |
| The carbon fixation stage of photosynthesis is a series of ____________________ | Enzyme controlled reactions |
| How is sugar created in the carbon fixation stage of photosynthesis? | The hydrogen from stage one is combined with carbon dioxide from the air |
| The chemical energy in sugar is available for _______________ | Respiration |
| What is a limiting factor? | A limiting factor is a variable which, in short supply, reduced the rate of photosynthesis taking place |
| Limiting factors of photosynthesis are _________, __________ and ______________ | Carbon dioxide concentration Light intensity Temperature |
| Glucose is a source of __________ | Energy |
| Energy released from the breakdown of glucose during respiration is used to synthesise ______ from _____________ | ATP ADP and Pi |
| The energy made by ADP and Pi can be used by the cell as an energy source for cellular activities such as ____________, _______________, _______________________ and _________________________ | Muscle contraction Cell division Protein synthesis Transmission of nerve impulses |
| In the presence of oxygen, glucose is broken down into ____________. This is further broken down into ___________ and ___________ | Pyruvate Carbon Dioxide Water |
| Where does aerobic respiration begin and end? | Starts in the cytoplasm Ends in the mitochondrion |
| The breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen yields ____ molecules of ATP per glucose molecule | 38 |
| What is the fermentation pathway? | Respiration without oxygen |
| Where does the fermentation pathway occur? | In the cytoplasm |
| In animals: In the absence of oxygen glucose is broken down into __________ , which is further broken down into ______________ | Pyruvate Lactic acid |
| In plants and yeast cells: In the absence of oxygen glucose is broken down into ___________, which is further broken down into ________ and _______________ | Pyruvate Ethanol Carbon dioxide |
| The breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen yields ___ molecules of ATP per glucose molecule | 2 |
| The detail of organelles inside living cells is known as the _____________ | Ultrastructure |
| What are organelles found in both animal and plant cells? | Nucleus Cell membrane Cytoplasm Mitochondrion Ribosome |
| What is the function of a nucleus? | A nucleus contains genetic information and controls all cell activities |
| What is the function of a cell membrane? | A cell membrane controls the entry and exit of materials from the cell |
| What is the function of a cytoplasm? | A cytoplasm is the site of chemical reactions |
| What is the function of a mitochondrion? | Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration |
| What is the function of a ribosome? | A ribosome is the site of protein synthesis |
| What organelles are only found in plant cells? | Cell wall Vacuole Chloroplast |
| What is the function of a cell wall? | A cell wall supports and gives structure to plant cells |
| What is the function of a vacuole? | A vacuole is important in maintaining the shape of a plant cell |
| What is the function of a chloroplast? | A chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis |
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