16981761
| Question | Answer |
| diabetes | Diagnosis based on a fasting blood glucose level equal to or above 126 mg/dl or a hemoglobin A1c level at or above 6.5%. |
| type 1 diabetes | Autoimmune disease causing failure of the pancreas to produce insulin and an inability to control blood glucose levels. Treated by insulin injections. (5% of cases of diabetes) |
| type 2 diabetes | Progressive disease characterized by insulin resistance or loss of responsiveness of body cells to insulin, resulting in hyperglycemia. Treatment lifestyle modification and medication (90% of cases of diabetes) |
| fasting blood glucose | Measurement of glucose levels in the blood taken after an 8- to 12-hour or overnight period without any food or caloric beverages (a fast). |
| Gestational diabetes | Diabetes in pregnant women that ends with delivery. (at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life) |
| Carbohydrate counting and the diabetic exchange | useful tools for balancing carbohydrate intake and improving blood glucose control while eating a variety of foods. (awards 1 point to approximately 12 to 15 g of CHO) |
| normal blood glucose | blood glucose that varies between about 70 and 100 mg/dl of blood. |
| hypoglycemia | When blood glucose falls below 50 mg/dl, may experience hunger, shakiness, irritability, weakness, and headache as energy availability decreases. |
| Liver | •controlling the amount of glucose in the bloodstream. •the first organ to screen the sugars absorbed from the small intestine •helps determine the amount of glucose that enters the bloodstream after a meal and the amount that is stored as glycogen. |
| pancreas | •important in blood glucose control. •releases small amounts of insulin as soon as a person starts to eat. •When blood glucose levels rise, releases large amounts of insulin. |
| Insulin | •Promotes increased glucose uptake by muscle and adipose cells. •Promotes the use of glucose for energy and storage of excess glucose as glycogen. •These actions lower blood glucose to the normal fasting range within a few hours of eating. |
| Glucagon | •Pancreatic hormone is secreted in response to a decrease in blood glucose. •Prompts the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and promotes gluconeogenesis, resulting in the release of glucose to the bloodstream and the normalization of blood glucose levels |
| Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine | •adrenal glands hormones, trigger the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and result in glucose release into the bloodstream. •released in large amounts in response to a perceived threat (“fight-or-flight”), resulting in rapid release of glucose into the bloodstream promotes quick mental and physical reactions. |
| cortisol and growth hormone | regulate blood glucose by decreasing glucose use by muscle. |
| pre-diabetes | a borderline high blood glucose level from 100 to 125 mg/dl or a borderline A1c level from 5.7 to 6.4% (effects 35% of our adult population) |
| Hyperglycemia | • when the blood glucose level is too high • symptoms-increased hunger, thirst, urination, and weight loss. |
| Ketosis | •Develops as fat is converted to ketone bodies, can increase to high levels in the blood, ending up in the urine. Pulls sodium and potassium ions with them into the urine, leading to dehydration, ion imbalance, coma, and even death. •Treatment includes insulin and fluids, as well as sodium, potassium, and chloride. |
| Nutrition therapy | includes 3 regular meals and 1+ snacks, individualized plan for carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake to maximize insulin action and minimize swings in blood glucose. |
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