Digestive System

Question	Answer
Define cells	The basic building blocks of all living organisms
Define tissue	A group of cells with a similar structure and function
Define organ	A group of tissues working together to perform a specific function
Define organ systems	Organs working together to form organisms
Define enzymes	Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without getting used up and can be used again and again
Define optimum	The best working conditions
Define denatured	Enzyme can no longer work because the active site changes shape and the substrate will no longer bind
Define digestive enzymes	Converts food into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream
Define bile	Made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. It's alkaline to neutralise the hydrochloric acid and it also emulsifies fats to form small droplets which increases the surface area. The alkaline conditions and large surface area increases the rate of fat breakdown by lipase
Give examples of tissues	Muscle tissue is used for movement and allows contraction Glandular tissues produce enzymes and hormones Epithelial tissues covers the outside of our body Nervous tissues transmits or passes on electrical impulses
Describe the lock and key theory	The substrate (key) fits into the active site (lock) and once in place, they bind together and a reaction takes place rapidly and the products are released from the enzyme
What do enzymes control	Enzymes do not change a reaction but only make them react faster Enzymes control the metabolism (the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body). Different enzymes speed up specific types of metabolic reactions
How does the lock and key theory look like	Image: Pj Daf Yn Ts Onb8 Octx C Un Lockandkey (image/jpeg)
What are the four factors affecting enzymes	Temperature, pH and substrate concentration
How does the graph for temperature, pH and substrate concentration look like	Image: Enzyme Rates Med (image/jpeg)
Explain the effects of temperature	At a low temperature, there is less kinetic energy so the particles move slowly and there is less enzyme substrate collisions so less enzyme substrate complexes At the optimum temperature, there is more kinetic energy so the particles move faster and there are more collisions so more complexes made At a high temperature, the enzyme is denatured because the active site changes shape and the substrate can no longer bind
Explain the effects of pH	At a low pH (acidic), the enzyme is denatured because the active site changes shape and the substrate can no longer bind At a optimum pH (neutral), the enzyme activity is at its' best At a high pH (alkali), the enzyme is denatured because the active site changes shape and the substrate can no longer bind
Explain the effects of substrate concentration	At a low substrate concentration, there are less substrates so less collisions between the enzymes and substrates so less complexes At a high or optimum substrate concentration, there are more substrates so more collisions and more complexes The rate of reaction doesn't keep increasing when the substrate concentration increases beyond the optimum because there are no more active sites as they are all occupied
Where are amylase found	Salivary glands Pancreas Small intestines
Where are protease found	Stomach Pancreas Small intestine
Where are lipase found	Pancreas Small intestine
What does amylase break down	Starch into sugar
What does protease break down	Proteins into amino acids
What does lipase break down	Lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
How do you test for starch	Iodine solution browny-orange to blue-black
How do you test for proteins	Biuret Blue to purple
How do you test for lipids	Sudan 3
How do you test for simple sugars	Benedict's solution Blue to green, yellow or brick-red

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