1903292
| Question | Answer |
| What is evolution? | A change in inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. |
| What is a continuous proof that evolution is happening? | The appearance of a new species |
| What are three levels of biological organization? | Species, individuals and molecules (DNA, proteins) |
| What is MACRO evolution? | changes after many generations (e.g. speciation) |
| What is MICRO evolution? | small genetic changes that occur within a species |
| Evolution is a theory that? | -is supported by vast/ever-growing body of evidence -has been thoroughly tested -never been falsified -has been confirmed by emerging genetic evidence -has stood test of time -is a scientific fact, subject to continuing refinement |
| Pre-Darwinian Western world view First stage | 1.STASIS 2.Fixity of Species (Christianity) 3.Great Chain (Aristotle) |
| What does Fixity of species (Christianity) mean? | means all life forms were created by God exactly as the exist in the present |
| What does Great Chain of Being mean? | all life forms can be places in a hierarchy from simple to complex with humans at the top |
| What does this represent? | The great chain of being |
| What component does the Pre-Darwinian western world view, Second stage has? | 2.EARTH IS YOUNG |
| On the 2nd Stage of Pre-Darwinian western world view, which character was involve? and how did he contribute? | Archbishop James Ussher (1581-1656) who analyzed Genesis and estimated that the Earth began Sunday, October 23rd, 4004 B.C. |
| Where does life comes from claim by Aristotle Life as a ""? and means? | Life as a "SPONTANEOUS GENERATION" The Aristotelian "abiogenesis" which means that life comes from inanimate matter |
| What changes did the scientific revolution brought? | -change our thinking about the world and its inhabitants -scientific method developed, including experimentation -discovery of North and South America, challenged fundamental views about the planet -increased biological awareness due to discovery of new plants & animals |
| Which characters were involved in the scientific revolution (chronological order) ? | 1.COPERNICUS(1473-1543) 2.GALILEO GALILEI (1564-1642) 3. FRANCESCO REDI (1626-1697) 4. CAROLUS LINNAEUS (1707-1778) 5. GEORGES-LOUIS LECREC, COMTE DE BUFFON(1707-1788) 6.GEORGES CUVIER (1769-1832) |
| HOW DID COPERNICUS CONTRIBUTED TO THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION? WHERE IS HE FROM? | POLISH MATHEMATICIAN HELIOCENTRIC HYPOTHESIS : CELESTIAL BODIES ORBIT AROUND THE SUN |
| WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE DIAGRAM? | COPERNICAN HELIOCENTRIC THEORY DIAGRAM |
| IMPORTANT PHILOSOPHICAL IMPLICATIONS MADE BY COPERNICUS | -THE EARTH AS NO LONGER THE CENTER FROM WHICH THE HEAVENS REVOLVE AROUND - HUMANS NO LONGER FOCAL POINT OF THE UNIVERSE |
| WHERE IS GALILEO GALILEI FROM? ALSO CALLED? IMPORTANCE IN SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION? | ITALIAN PHILOSOPHER, ASTRONOMER, PHYSICIST. -"FATHER OF MODERN ASTRONOMY" -SUPPORTED COPERNICUS -UNIVERSE AS A PLACE OF MOTION -DISCOVERIES RELATED TO PLANETS MOONS AND STARS -PLACED UNDER HOUSE ARREST FOR IDEAS |
| "FATHER OF MODERN ASTRONOMY" ? | GALILEO GALILEI (1564-1642) |
| FRANCESCO REDI IS FROM? EXPERIMENTS DEMONSTRATE THAT? | ITALIAN NATURALIST (1626-1697) EXPERIMENTS DEMONSTRATED THAT LIFE COMES FROM LIVING MATTER |
| WHOSE EXPERIMENT IS THIS? WHAT DID IT CONCLUDED? | FRANCESCO REDI (1626-1697) 1.MAGGOTS DO NOT FORM SPONTANEOUSLY ON MEAT BUT FROM EGGS OF FLIES 2.MAGGOTS DIE WITHOUT THE MEAT |
| FOR EARLIEST LIVING MATTER IT MUST HAD COME FROM ORGANIC OR INORGANIC (MATTER)? | INORGANIC PREDECESSOR |
| What is evolution? | A change in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. |
| What is natural selection? | Mechanism of evolutionary change (competition, variation in traits, and inheritance of traits) |
| What is adaptation? | Trait shaped by natural selection for a current function in the organisms environment |
| What is selection pressure? | ecological and other forces that influence the reproductive success of an individual |
| What is reproductive success? | # of offspring one produces that reach reproductive age HIJOS QUE PUEDAN REPRODUCIR MAS HIJOS |
| What is fitness? | Individuals relative genetic contribution to the next generation |
| What is the phenotype? | -observable characteristics of organisms -same genotypes can be expressed as different phenotypes |
| What is the Genotype? | -Underlying genetic make/up of an organism -Particular combination of genes or alleles in an individual |
| What is an Allele? | Alternative form of gene |
| A much more apt term for NATURAL SELECTION will be? | "EVOLUTION BY VARIATION AND SELECTIVE RETENTION" |
| What are Darwin 3 postulates? | 1.Struggle for existence 2.Variation in fitness 3.inheritance variation |
| Who is Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)? where from? also know as? contributions? | -swedish naturalist -"Father of taxonomy" -introduced a scheme for a hierarchical classification of living species -Author of SISTEMA NATURAE |
| What binomial nomenclature did sistema naturae publish, e.g., H.? | "GENUS SPECIES" E.G. HOMO SAPIENS |
| THE SYSTEMA NATURAE IMPLIED THAT HUMANS WERE PART OF WHICH KINGDOM? | ANIMAL KINGDOM (CONTROVERSIAL!!) |
| WHO IS GEORGES-LOUIS LECLERC, COMTE DE BUFFON (107-1788) | -FRENCH NAUTRALIST - HISTOIRE NATURELLE -LES EPOQUES DE LA NATURE (EARTH AGED QUESTIONED) -SPECIES CAN CHANGE AS CLIMATE CHANGES, BUT CANNOT GIVE RISE TO NEW SPECIES -PROVIDES CONTEXT, NOT MECHANISM, FOR SPECIES CHANGE |
| WHAT DID THE HISTOIRE NATURELLE BY LECLERC CONTRIBUTED WITH?? | -DIFFERENT REGIONS HAVE DIFFERENT PLANTS AND ANIMALS DESPITE SIMILAR ENVIRONMENTS -SPECIES DISTRIBUTIONS DEPEND ON BOTH GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE |
| WHAT DID THE LES EPOQUES DE LA NATURE BY LECLERC (1707-1788) QUESTIONED? | QUESTIONED AGE OF EARTH |
| WHERE IS GEORGES CUVIER FROM? WHICH IDEA/ TERM DID HE COINED? WHAT DID HE CONTRIBUTED WITH? | -FRENCH NATURALIST -"CATASTROPHISM" -CONTRIBUTIONS TO VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY AND COMPARATIVE ANATOMY |
| WHAT DID GEORGES CUVIER (1769-1832) USED FOSSILS FOR? | USING FOSSILS TO STABLISH EXTINCTION AS A FACT |
| 3 POINTS ABOUT CATASTROPHISM BY GEORGES CUVIER (1769-1832) ARE? | CATASTROPHISM 1. SUDDEN & SEVERE CHANGES TO AN ENVIRONMENT CAN WIPE SPECIES OUT 2.SPECIES FROM OTHER AREAS WILL REPOPULATE(IMMIGRATION, NOT CREATION/EVOLUTION) 3.OPPOSED TO THE IDEA OF CHANGE IN SPECIES(EVOLUTION) |
| WHO ARE DARWIN INFLUENCES (4)? | 1.ERASMUS DARWIN (1731-1802) (DARWINS GRANDFATHER) 2.JEAN-BAPTISE LAMARCK (1744-1829) 3.THOMAS MALTHUS (1766-1834) 4. CHARLESLYELL (1797-1875) |
| WHO IS ERASMUS DARWIN? | CHARLES DARWIN GRANDFATHER PROPOSED ZOONOMIA |
| WHAT DOES ZOONOMIA CONSIST IN? | SPECIES MAY HAVE EVOLVED FROM COMMON ANCESTOR |
| ZOONOMIA IS ALSO AN ANTICIPATED IDEA OF NATURAL SELECTION BY? | ERASMUS DARWIN (1731-1802) |
| WHO LACKED CONVINCING MECHANISMS FOR THE TRANSMUTATION OF SPECIES? | ERASMUS DARWIN (1731-1802) |
| WHAT ARE JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK MAIN IDEAS? -HE ADVOCATE FOR? -THOUGHT OF ENVIRONMENT & ANIMALS.. -CHANGES, & OFFSRPING?? | -EARLY ADVOCATE OF EVOLUTION OF SPECIES -AS ENVIRONMENT CHANGES, ANIMALS CHANGE THROUGH USE/DISUSE OF STRUCTURES -ACQUIRED CHANGES ARE PASSED ONTO OFFSPRING |
| CLASSIC LAMARCKIAN EXAMPLE | |
| JEAN-BAPTISE LAMARCK DESERVES CREDIT FOR? BUT WHAT WAS INCORRECT IN HIS STUDIES? | -CREDIT FOR EVOLUTIONARY THEORY, COMPLETE WITH MECHANISM -MECHANISM WAS INCORRECT |
| WHO IS THOMAS MALTHUS? | POLITICAL ECONOMIST / DEMOGRAPHER ESSAY ON PRINCIPLE OF POPULATION |
| THOMAS MALTHUS(1766-1834) POPULATION GROWTH? | EXPONENTIALLY IN TIMES OF PLENTY, BUT EVENTUALLY ARE CHECKED BY FAMINES, DISEASE.ETC. |
| THOMAS MALTHUS (1766-1834) SOCIAL ILLS CAUSED BY(2)? | -THE OVERPRODUCTION OF CHILDREN -MORAL IRRESPONSIBILITY OF "LOWER CLASSES" |
| WHAT IS MALTHUS IMPACT ON BIOLOGY? 2 IDEAS | OVERPRODUCTION COMPETITION |
| WHAT DOES OVERPRODUCTION BY THOMAS MALTHUS REFERS TO? | POPULATIONS PRODUCE MORE OFFSPRING THAN WHAT CAN SURVIVE |
| WHAT DOES COMPETITION BY THOMAS MALTHUS REFERS TO? | COMPETITION FOR LIMITED RESOURCES |
| WHAT DID CHARLES LYELL (1797-1875) CONTRIBUTED WITH? (2) | -PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY -UNIFORMITARIANISM |
| WHAT IS UNIFORMITARIANISM BY CHARLES LYELL? | -SMALL PROCESSES THAT INFLUENCE EARTH TODAY, INFLUENCED INT HE PAST -CHANGES TO EARTH OVER SLOW GRADUAL PROCESSES OVER VERY LONG TIME -SUGGESTS EARTH IS VERY OLD |
| WHERE IS CHARLES DARWIN FROM? | UNITED KINGDOM |
| CHARLES DARWIN IDEAS OF GEOLOGY AND SPECIES, AND CHANGES? | SPECIES AND GEOLOGY ARE NOT FIXED THOUGH TIME SLOW CHANGES OVER TIME |
| WHAT ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE REMEMBERED FOR? | INDEPENDENTLY DEVELOPED IDEA OF NATURAL SELECTION SENT DRAWING DRAFT IN 1858 BEFORE DARWIN PUBLISHED HIS OWN VERSION OF THE IDEA |
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