Module 4 keywords

Question	Answer
Pathogen	A microorganism that causes disease in larger organisms. Many organisms' immune systems can fight them off though.
Direct transmission	Passing a pathogen from (infected) host to new (uninfected) host with no intermediary - i.e. contact with skin/bodily fluids.
Indirect transmission	Passing a pathogen from one (infected) host to new (unifected) host. via vector -(via air/water/fomites)
Transmission	Biological word to describe the passing/"movement" of a pathogen from an infected individual to an uninfected individual. Can be either direct transmission or indirect transmission.
Vector	An organism that carries a pathogen from one host to another.
Callose	A large polysaccharide deposit that blocks old phloem sieve tubes
Inflammation	Swelling and redness of tissue caused by infection
Mucous membrane	Specialised epithelial tissue that is covered by mucus.
Primary defences	Those that prevent pathogens entering the body
Antigen-presenting cell	A cell that isolates the antigen from a pathogen and places it on the plasma membrane so that it can be recognised by other cells in the immune system.
Clonal selection	Selection of specific B or T cell that is specific to the antigen
Cytokines	Hormone-like molecules used in cell signalling to stimulate the immune response
Neutrophil	A type of white blood cell that engulfs foreign matter and traps it in a large vacuole which fuses with lysosomes to digest the foreign matter
Opsonins	Proteins that bind to the antigen on a pathogen and then allow phagocytes to bind
Antibodies	Specific proteins released by plasma cells that can attach to pathogenic antigens
B memory cells	Cells that remain in the blood for a long time, providing long-term immunity
Clonal expansion	An increase in the number of cells by mitotic cell division
Plasma cells	Derived from the B lymphocytes, these are cells that manufacture antibodies
T helper cells	Cells that release signalling molecules to stimulate the immune response
T killer cells	Cells that attack and destroy our own body cells that are infected by a pathogen
T memory cells	Cells that remain in the blood for a long time, providing long term immunity
T regulatory cells	Cells that are involved with inhibiting the immune response
Agglutinins	Antibodies that cause pathogens to stick together
Anti-toxins	Antibodies that render toxins harmless
Primary immune response	The initial response caused by first infection
Secondary immune response	A more rapid response caused by a second or subsequent infection by the same pathogen.
Active immunity	Where the immune system is activated and manufactures its own antibodies
Artificial immunity	Immunity that is achieved as a result of medical intervention
Natural immunity	Immunity achieved through normal life processes
Passive immunity	Immunity achieved when antibodies are passed to the individual through breast feeding or injection
Vaccination	A way of stimulating an immune response so that immunity is achieved.
Biodiversity	A measure of the variation found in the living world
Habitat	Where an organism lives
Species	A group of organisms that can free;y interbreed to produce fertile offspring
Species evenness	A measure of how evenly represented the species are
Species richness	A measure of how many different species are present
Keystone species	One that has a disproportionate effect upon its environment relative to its abundance
Soil depletion	The loss of soil fertility caused by removal of minerals by continuous cropping
Conservation in situ	Carrying out active management to maintain the biodiversity in the natural environment
Conservation ex situ	Conservation outside the normal habitat of the species
Phylogeny	The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms
Natural selection	The term used to explain how features of the environment apply a selective force on the reproductions of individuals in a population
Continuous variation	Variation where there are 2 extremes and a full range of values in between
Discontinuous variation	Where there are distinct categories and nothing in between
ENvironmental variation	Variation caused by response to environmental factors such as light intensity
Genetic variation	Variation caused by possessing different allele combos
Interspecific variation	Difference between dif species
Intraspecific variation	Variation between members of the same species
Anatomical adaptations	Structural features
Behavioural adaptations	The ways that behaviour is modified for survival
Physiological adaptations	Affect the way that processes work

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	Created by Maddie Wright about 5 years ago