1956973
Description
Flashcards by angeline martin, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by angeline martin
almost 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Atom | smallest unit of matter that can enter into a chemical reaction- Basic structural unit of an element |
| Molecule | Atoms that form together to form a molecule by covalant bonding. Always Carbon and Hydrogen |
| Ion | A result when an electrically charge paricles that result from a gain or loss of more than 1 by the parent atom - negative or positive atom or group of atoms - |
| Electron | negatively charged particle in motion around the nucleus |
| Proton | Positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom |
| Neutron | An uncharged particle in the nucleus of an atom |
| Element | A substance comprising only one kind of atom that cannot be degraded into two or more substances without losing its chemical characteristics. |
| Compound | substance composed of 2 or more elements |
| Antobody | a protein produced by the body in response to an antigen and capable of combining with the antigen |
| Antigen | any substance that causes antibody foundation also called immunogen |
| Peptide Bond | Bond joining the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxy group of a second amino acid with a loss of a water molecule |
| Peptide | a compound consisting of two or more amino acids linked in a chain, the carboxyl group of each acid being joined to the amino group of the next by a bond of the type -OC-NH-. |
| Important Biological Molecules | WATER Polar, cohesive Adhesive Solvent Absorpt |
| Important Biological Molecules (Water) | Water is essentual- no carbon- 1 oxygen atom- 2 hydrogen- It is Polar meaning two end of oxygen on one side and Hydrogen on the other side. Water is attracted to hydrogen- Water will stick to other things- MOST IMPORTANT- Water absorbs heat- chemical reaction that occur in cells |
| Chemical Bonds (three types) | A link formed between molecules when two or more atoms share, donate, or accept electrons. 3 types: Covealant bonds Ionic Bonds Hydrogen Bonds |
| Covalent Bond | Pair of electrons shared between two atoms or pairs of electrons |
| Ionic Bond | A chemical bond in which electrons are transfered & not shared between atoms. |
| Hydrogen Bonds | A weak chemical bond formed by the attraction of forces between molecules or atoms. In this case, hydrogen & either oxygen or nitrogen. In this tyoe of bond, electrons are not shared, lost or gained. |
| Importance of Carbon Atoms | Carbon dating- also can form many different kinds of bonds and form essential compounds |
| Properties of Water | Forms of Water= gas, liquid, solid Solvent- disolving medium Insulator= hypothermia, necessary for cellular activities |
| PH | Means - Possible hydrogen |
| PH Levels | Acidic 0-7 Neutral 7 Alkaline 7-14 |
| Why is acids and bases usually detrimental to organisms? | different microbes function best withing different PH ranges- most like 6.5-8.5 range. Among microbs Fungi can survive in acidic conditions |
| Buffers | organisms possess a solution that naturally keeps PH stable |
| Organic Molecules Description | ALWAYS CARBON AND HYDROGEN and structurally complex- solution organiisms possess naturally keeps PH stable= Carbon is unique as it has 4 elctrons in its outer shell and 4 unfilled |
| Categories of biological organic molecules | carboydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids All contain thousands of atoms |
| Carbohydrate Examples | 1.Sugars, starches, cellulose 2. Echimical formula-(CH2O)ni n - is between 1-7 3. Simple sugars- monosaccharides, ex glucose 4. polysaccharides, ex starch, cellulose 5. Functions: energy storage, structural 6. prefixes glyco, gluco |
| Lipids | 1. Properties= HYDROPHOBIC 2. chemical formula 1 3c glycerol+3 fatty acid chains 3. simple form-triglyceride ex. fats, oils, waxes, hormones 4. functions= energy storage, repel water (protection) structure of membranes, communication 5. prefix= lipo |
| Proteins | 1. Properties= shape and function most important 2. chemical formula- a central carbon with H and R group in NH2 group and COOH group bonded 3. Sub-unit= amino acid 4. ex. emzymes, insulin, hemoglobin 5. functions enzymes carry out all chemical reactions in cells, structural, hormones 6. folding gives shape and determines function 7. Denaturation means disruption and possible destruction of both the secondary and tertiary structures. |
| Nucleic Acids | 1. Chemical formula 5 c sugar (ribose and deoxyribose) a base containing nitrogen and a phosphate group 2. Sub-unit nucleotide form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA 3. ex. DNA, RNA, ATP 4. Carry genetic information, contain energy |
| ATP | ATP = adenosine triphosphate- ATP is the energy currency of the cell - turns into ADP if it loses a phopsphate group |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid Adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine Single stand |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine Double stranded Also contains one less oxygen |
| Valence | the combining power of an atom based upon the number of electrons it can either take or give up. - Outer shell 2,8,18,32 |
| Determine # of electrons, protons and neutrons | Electron are the group #- protons have same #- subtract electrons, protons from atomic mass which gives you the neutrons |
| Monosacharide | A simple sugar such as glucose that is a basic building block for more complex carbohydrates, |
| Disacharides | A sugar conatining two monosaccharides. Examples: Sucrose (Fructose+glucose) |
| Polysacharides | A carbohydrate that can be hydrlyzed into a number of monosaccharide. Examples: Cellilose, starch, glycogen |
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