20137959
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Flashcards by Adam Pilcher, updated more than 1 year ago
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| Question | Answer |
| CELL BIOLOGY | Topic 1 |
| What is the calculation for magnification? |
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| Name one use of embryonic stem cells. | Any from.... - To form any cell that may be needed that will match a recipient's DNA - To fight diseases in patients - To replace faulty cells (i.e make insulin producing cells) |
| Outline the process of mitosis. | The genetic material (chromosome pairs) are replicated, gradually the new material splits off into a new nucleus, the nuclei push apart from each other and eventually the cell splits into two identical daughter cells. |
| What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? | PROKARYOTIC CELLS - do not have nuclei nor mitochondria, may have features of plant or animal cells, but is not, may contain plasmids (eg. bacterial cells). EUKARYOTIC CELLS - contain nuclei, have mitochondria (eg. plant and animal cells). |
| What is cell size measured in (and what does one unit of it equate to in metres)? | Micrometres (μm) -- equal to 1×10^−6 m or one millionth of a metre -- |
| Give one example of a specialised cell - and at least one way it is specialised/ adapted to fit its purpose. | ROOT HAIR CELL - large surface area to absorb maximal amounts of water SPERM CELL - tail to swim, lots of mitochondria, half the genetic material MUSCLE CELL - Can contract to bring about movement, long and stretchy, lots of mitochondria (Any other suitable response) |
| How is DNA stored in bacterial cells? | - Bacterial cells are prokaryotes. - Some genetic material is stored in plasmids (loops of DNA) - Other DNA is loose, like spaghetti, within the cell |
| What can adult stem cells form? | Specific cells such as blood cells when the body needs to replace cells |
| What substance is used to grow bacteria colonies for inspection or data collection? | Agar jelly |
| Name one cell that uses active transport | Root hair cells - they may already have a high concentration of water or ions, but must gain more in order to supply the plant. |
| Outline what's meant by osmosis | The diffusion of water along a concentration gradient ( from high to low concentration) through a PARTIALLY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE |
| Describe active transport | The transfer of particles against a concentration gradient (low to high concentration) which requires the use of energy.z |
| ORGANISATION | Topic 2 |
| Which subcellular structure converts oxygen and glucose into useful energy and other products? | Mitochondria |
| What are two things that bacterial and plant cells have in common? | - cell walls - ribosomes - some bacteria may have vacuoles |
| Give some properties of arteries | - Thick, muscular walls - Only travel in one direction - AWAY from the heart - Carry oxygenated blood from the heart and lungs around the body |
| Put these in order from smallest to largest: Organ system; Cell; Organism; Tissue; Organ | Cell-Tissue-Organ-Organ system-Organism |
| Give some properties of veins | - Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart - Thin walls (thinner than arteries) - Have valves which maintain a single direction of blood flow |
| What is meristem tissue/ cells? | Areas of cells/ cells in plants that can divide to form necessary parts of a plant. (Essentially plant stem cells) |
| Give some properties of capillaries. | - Walls that are 1 cell thick - Allows substances produced in cells to pass into the blood to be carried around the body - Allows the transfer of oxygen and other required substances from the blood into the cells. |
| Where on an enzyme does a substrate fit to be broken down? | the Active Site |
| What is transported in the xylem? | Water and minerals from the roots, the xylem also provides a lot of structure for the plant |
| What is transported in the phloem? | Dissolved food materials ( NOTE: the movement of dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant is called TRANSLOCATION) |
| Name 3 types of tissue in an animal | Epithelial, muscular, glandular |
| What is blood made of - and what 3 components are suspended within it? | Plasma, the liquid that carries red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. |
| INFECTION AND RESPONSE | Topic 3 |
| What do antitoxins do? | Neutralise specific toxins |
| What are the 4 causes of disease/ infection? | Bacterial, Virus, Fungal, Protist |
| Describe the immune system's fighting of disease through the use of antibodies. | A white blood cell produces new antibodies which connect with the antigens to disable them by locking on to the antibody. These are then remembered so that if the white blood cell comes into contact with the same antigen it will be able to attack it. |
| Describe phagocytosis | The process of a white blood cell expanding and engulfing a threatening cell, like a bacterial cell, killing the cell - and thus stopping it from being a danger to the body. |
| Name one disease that may affect a plant (bonus if you can name the type of infection). | Tobacco Mosaic Virus - viral disease Rose Black Spot - fungal disease |
| BIOENERGETICS | Topic 4 |
| Why do humans breathe heavily after exercise | To repay the oxygen debt that is formed while respiring anaerobically during exercise as they can't get enough oxygen into their lungs. |
| Give the two equations for anaerobic respiration. | Glucose --> Lactic acid Glucose --> Ethanol + Carbon dioxide |
| What is the equation for aerobic respiration? | Glucose + oxygen --> Carbon dioxide + water C6H12O2 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O |
| What is metabolism? | The sum of all the chemical reactions that are occurring in the body |
| What is the equation for photosynthesis? | 6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon dioxide + Water ---light--> Glucose + Oxygen |
| Name at least 2 limiting factors of photosynthesis. | - Light availability - Temperature - Carbon dioxide concentration |
| HOMEOSTASIS AND RESPONSE | Topic 5 |
| On what day in the menstrual cycle is the egg released? What hormone stimulated this? | Day 14 - the egg is released by Lutenising Hormone (LH) which is produced in the pituitary gland |
| What does progesterone do and where is it produced? | Progesterone maintains the uterus lining, when the progesterone levels fall, the lining breaks down and the cycle starts again. Also prevents the production of LH and FSH. It is produced in the ovaries |
| Order the following for a reflex response: motor neurone; stimulus; sensory neurone; relay neurone; receptor; effector cell | Stimulus -> Receptor -> Sensory neurone -> Relay neurone -> Motor neurone -> Effector cell |
| What separates two neurones? | Gaps which electrical pulses pass over, these are called synapses |
| What is the purpose of the iris? | To control the size of the pupil - ensuring that the right amount of light is able to reach the receptor for the best sight |
| What is the purpose of the retina? | It contains the receptor cells that respond to the light, colour and brightness by sending impulses with the information regarding the inputs to the brain. |
| Give the purpose of the sclera | protects and provides structure for the eye |
| What are the scientific terms for long and shot sightedness? | Long - Hyperopia/ Hypermetropia (can't see close things) Short - Myopia (can't see things that are farther away) |
| What does oestrogen do and where is it produced? | Stimulates the regrowth of the uterus lining after the period, and the production of LH. Inhibits/ stops the production of FSH |
| What does FSH do and where is it produced? | Causes the egg to mature in the ovaries, and stimulates the release of oestrogen from the ovaries. It is produced in the pituitary gland. |
| What is the purpose of the ciliary muscles? | Control the shape of the lens, which changes the way light refracts to the retina. |
| What does the cerebellum do? | Controls balance and movement |
| Give an example of something homeostasis controls. | - The amount of sweat you produce - Blood glucose levels |
| What function does the medulla serve? | To control unconscious activities like breathing and maintaining a steady and good heart rate. |
| INHERITANCE, VARIATION AND EVOLUTION | Topic 6 |
| Where are genes found? | In chromosomes, within the nucleus of a cell. |
| Describe what is meant by a gene. | A small section/ unit of DNA within a chromosome that control or determine (parts of) a person's inherited traits/ characteristics. |
| How many pairs of chromosomes does the average human body cell have in its nucleus? | 23 |
| What i the scientific term for a sex cell? | gamete |
| Name a disorder caused by 2 recessive alleles | Cystic fibrosis |
| How are dominant alleles represented? | Capital letters |
| Define meiosis | The splitting of cells to produce gametes with half the genetic information for a person |
| What are the 4 possible results (punnet square) of 2 parents whose gametes are aa and Aa? | A a a Aa aa a Aa aa 50% chance of either result (dominant trait or recessive trait) |
| What is one argument for and one argument against embryonic stem cell use? | FOR - can remove the issue of rejection of organs in transplants - can replace damaged cells - can be used to cure diseases AGAINST - involves producing and killing an embryo (anti-abortionists) - Ethical and religious views |
| Give some advantages and some disadvantages of asexual reproduction? | ADV. - doesn't require a partner - Enables fast spread of a species - Not necessarily dependent on 'seasons' DIS. - Same vulnerabilities - close vicinity to each other causes extra competition - May be particularly vulnerable to one predator or disease |
| What is a change in DNA structure called? | A mutation. |
| Ecology | Topic 7 |
| Name some biotic factors that act on an ecosystem | - predators ( if existing predators reproduce more ) - new predators - competition - new pathogens - Availability of prey / food |
| Name some abiotic factors that may affect an ecosystem | - moisture level - light intensity - temperature - carbon dioxide levels (plants) - wind intensity and direction - oxygen levels (aquatic animals) - soil pH and mineral content |
| Name some adaptations an animal living in polar regions may undergo | - Lots of body fat / blubber - White fur - May hibernate (any other acceptable adaptations) |
| Name 2 ways to measure distribution in an area | - Quadrats - Transects |
| Describe the carbon cycle | Something that encompasses this <<<-------------- |
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