2315043
Description
Flashcards by Jessica Phillips, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Jessica Phillips
over 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Schaffer and Emerson (1964) | Observed 60 babies from mainly working-class homes in Glasgow for a year. Found that infants were not most attached to the person that fed them but the person who was most responsive and who interacted with them the most. |
| Dollard and Miller (1950) | They suggested that food is a primary reinforcer and that the person that supplies the food is a secondary reinforcer. The person is associated with the pleasure the food brings and attachment occurs because the child seeks the person who supplies the reward. |
| Grossmann and Grossmann (1991) | Found that German infants tended to be classified as insecurely attached. This may be due to different child rearing practices. |
| Takahashi (1990) | Used the Strange Situation to study 60 middle-class Japanese infants and their mothers and found similar rates of secure attachment to those found in Aimsworth et al's US sample. However, the Japanese infants showed no evidence of insecure-avoident attachment and high rates of insecure-resistant attachments. |
| Bifulco et al (1992) | Studied 249 women who had lost mothers through separation or death before they were 17. This group was twice as likely to suffer from depressive or anxiety disorders when the children became adults. |
| Bohman and Sigvardsson (1979) | Studied over 600 adopted children in Sweden. At the age of 11, 26% of them were classified as 'problem children'. In a follow-up study ten years later, none of the children were any worse than the population. This would suggest that early, negative effects were reversed. |
| Quinton et al (1984) | Compared a group of 50 women who had been reared in institutions with a control group of 50 women reared at home. When the women were in their 20s it was found that the ex-institutional women were experiencing extreme difficulties acting as parents. |
| Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg | Suggests that cross-culture similarities found may be explained by the effects of mass media which spread ideas about parenting so that children all over the world are exposed to similar influences. |
| Hodges and Tizard (1989) | Followed a group of 65 British children from early life to adolescence that had been placed in one institution when they were 4 months old and had not yet formed attachments. There was an explicit policy in the institution against caretakers forming attachments with the children. The children were assessed at regular intervals up to the age of 16. An early study found that 70% were described as not able 'to care deeply about anyone'. Some of the children stayed in the institution, some were restored to their original families and some were adopted. The 'restored' children were less likely to form attachments with their mothers but the adopted children were as closely attached to their parents as the control group. However, both groups of ex-institutional children had problems with peers and were more likely to show signs of disinhibited attachments. |
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