2495205
| Question | Answer |
| Two fundamental parameters for ageing | Maximum lifespan and average lifespan (expectation of life) |
| Senescence | degenerative changes related to the passage of time |
| Aging | Is any time related process; could be said to begin at conception |
| Two major groups of things that cause aging | Environmental - extrinsic Genetic - intrinsic |
| 3 reasons why an we are seeing a population shift towards older people | Falls in birth rate Falls in infant mortality Rise in life expectancy |
| Chronologica age [4] | Passage of time from birth onwards Easy to measure, most popular method Increase in age-specific mortality rates as one ages Variable cut-off for`old' determined by unemployment rates and social history |
| Biological Age [4] | Presence or absence of physical disease, functional or cognitive impairment Increased incidence of chronic disease in late life Presence of age-associated conditions |
| true/ false chronological age is better marker of health status than biological age | false |
| Variable cut-off for`old' determined by... [2] | unemployment rates and social history |
| Sociological Age | Society's perception of what is considered `normal behaviour' for people of certain ages |
| In terms of the medical model, what defines successful aging? | compression of morbidity, absence of physical illness and functional impairment |
| In terms of the social model, what defines successful aging? | ability to adapt to changes in society to maintain role and status |
| In terms of the psychological model, what defines successful aging? | maintenance of mental competence and well-being |
| 3 Cellular theories of aging | Programmed cellular ‘clock’ Accumulation of waste products disrupts cellular metabolism. Cross linkage of DNA and connective tissues impairs cellular function. |
| 2 Physiological theories of aging | Exhaustion of irreplaceable supplies Decline in total body potassium and lens glutathione levels with increasing chronological age |
| 4 organ-based theories of aging | Decline of organ systems essential for the control and maintenance of other systems and hence survival Decline in immunological competence associated with increasing chronological age Effects of calorie restriction on lifespan are positive Role of neuro-endocrine degeneration |
| 4 programmed genetic theories of aging | - Heritability of lifespans - C. elegans - Premature ageing syndromes - Modifier genes/pleiotropic genes/gene redundancy |
| 5 unprogrammed genetic theories of aging | - Radiation damage to DNA and proteins - somatic mutation) - Impairment of DNA repair - Errors in protein synthesis error catastrophe) - Free radical cellular damage - Shortening of telomeres |
| Erikson's theory: Generativity vs. stagnation | Generativity: reaching out to others in ways that give to and guide the next generation. Extending commitments to a larger group Stagnation: once people attain certain life goals they may become self-centred and self-indulgent |
| To reassess and rebuild life structure, middle-aged adults must confront four developmental tasks, what are they? | 1. Young-old: seek new ways of being both young and old 2. Destruction-creation: focuses on ways s/he has acted destructively 3. Masculinity-femininity: create balance between masculine and feminine parts of self 4. Engagement-separateness: balance engagement with external world and separateness |
| Vaillant’s Adaptation to Life | Adults in their late fifties become ‘guardians of their culture’ |
| Midlife crisis | Self-doubt and stress especially great during the forties prompt major restructuring of the personality - better described as turning points rather than drastic changes |
| Possible selves | future-oriented representations of what one hopes to become and what one is afraid of becoming - temporal dimension of self-concept |
| Ture/false as we age, we rely more on social comparison than temporal ones | false, we look at how well we are doing in relation to what we had planned |
| What three activities increase from early to middle adulthood | 1. Self-acceptance 2. Autonomy 3. Environmental mastery: capable of managing a complex array of tasks easily and effectively |
| According to studies, what happens to the masculine traits observed in women? | they increase |
| Parental imperative theory | holds that identification with traditional gender roles is maintained during the active parenting years to help ensure the survival of children; men become more goal-oriented and women emphasize nurturance |
| Big 5 personality traits | - Neuroticism - Extrovertism - Openness to experience - Agreeableness - Conscientiousness |
| In terms of relationships, what is middles adulthood marked by [2] | - large number of close relationships during midlife than at any other period - the greatest number of exits and entries of family members |
| What Factors Promote Psychological Well-Being in Midlife [4] | 1. Good health and exercise 2. Sense of control and personal life investment 3. Close friendships and good marriage 4. Mastery of multiple roles |
| Sense of control and personal life investment: what is flow? | psychological state of being so engrossed in a demanding, meaningful activity that one loses all sense of time and self-awareness |
| Sense of control and personal life investment: what is personal life investment? | : firm commitment to goals and involvement in pursuit of these goals |
| Erikson's Ego integrity vs. despair: those who emphasise attainment of EXTRINSIC goals are more likely to... | often fear life’s end |
| Erikson's Ego integrity vs. despair: the resolution for this stage is... | coming to terms with one’s life - feeling whole, complete and satisfied with their achievements |
| Attaining ego integrity involves three distinct tasks: what are they | - Ego differentiation - Body transcendence - Ego transcendence |
| Gerotranscendence | an additional psychosocial stage; a cosmic and transcendent perspective directed forward and outward, beyond the self |
| Labouvie-Vief’s Emotional Expertise : affect optimization | The ability to maximize positive emotion and dampen negative emotion |
| TRUE/FALSE many aging individuals desribe their emotional reactions to personal experiences LESS vividly then younger people | false - MORE vividly: – evidence of being more in touch with their feelings; helps them separate interpretations from objective aspects of situations |
| TRUE/FALSE No age differences exist in total quantity of reminiscing | True |
| Types of reminiscence: Life review | calling up past experiences with the goal of achieving greater self-understanding |
| Types of reminiscence: self-focused | engaged in to reduce boredom, and revive bitter events |
| Types of reminiscence: other-focused | reminiscence directed at social goals, such as solidifying family and friendship ties and reliving relationships with lost loved ones |
| Types of reminiscence: knowledge-based | drawing on their past for effective problem-solving strategies and for teaching younger people |
| Dips in extroversion in middle adulthood reflect... | a narrowing of social contacts |
| Spirituality | an inspirational sense of life’s meaning can be found in art, nature, and social relationships |
| Religion | provides beliefs, symbols, and rituals that guide this quest for meaning |
| Control vs. dependency: Dependency- support script | dependant behaviours are attended to immediately |
| Control vs. dependency: Independence-ignore script | independent behaviors are mostly ignored |
| Control vs. Dependency: Person-environment fit and what doe it promote | A good match between their abilities and the demands of their living environments - adaptive behaviour and psychological well-being |
| TRUE/FALSE ethnic minority older adults are more willing to accept assistance | True |
| Perceived social support | sense of being able to count on family or friends in times of need, is more powerful than sheer amount of help |
| Social Theories of Aging: Disengagement theory | mutual withdrawal between older adults and society takes place in anticipation of death |
| Social Theories of Aging: Activity Theory | social barriers to engagement, not the desires of aging adults, cause declining rates of interaction |
| Social Theories of Aging: continuity theory | rather than maintaining a certain activity level, most aging adults strive to maintain a personal system – an identity and a set of personality depositions, interests, roles, and skills |
| Social Theories of Aging: Socioemotional Selectivity Theory | social interactions extends lifelong selection processes; despite smaller social networks, they are happier and report fewer problematic relationships |
| Aging in place | remaining in a familiar setting where they have control over their everyday life |
| Aging in place | remaining in a familiar setting where they have control over their everyday life |
| Two types of events prompt suicide in late life | - Losses: retirement, widowhood - Social isolation |
| The age range of personal fulfillment | (65-79) |
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