2531794
Description
Flashcards by Kit Sinclair, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Kit Sinclair
over 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| thorax | upper part of the body (protected by ribcage) |
| abdomen | lower part of the body |
| ventilation | movement of air in and out of the lungs |
| describe the process of breathing in | - lower air pressure - thorax volume increases - intercostal muscles contract - ribcage up and out - diaphragm contracts and flattens |
| describe the process of breathing out | - higher air pressure - thorax volume decreases - intercostal muscles relax - ribcage down and in - diaphragm relaxes and moves up |
| what are alveoli? | alveoli are small broccoli-shaped formations in your lungs that are used in gas exchange when breathing |
| adaptations of alveoli | - good blood supply (more space and movement for steeper concentration gradient) - moist (gases dissolve in liquid) - large surface area (faster diffusion) - thin cell wall (short distance) |
| gas exchange | the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood into the alveoli |
| how does emphysema affect alveoli? | it reduces their surface area so decreases the rate of diffusion |
| cilia | tiny hairs on the lungs |
| purpose of cilia | - keep lungs clean - make mucus (traps dirt and bacteria) -wafts to move mucus |
| goblet cell | cell in lungs with no cilia and a dip in the middle |
| respiration | reaction to release energy in cells |
| chemical reactions in cells are controlled by... | enzymes |
| uses of energy | -build up large molecules from smaller ones - muscle contractions (animals) - maintain body temperature (mammals and birds) - build sugars, nitrates and other nutrients into amino acids (plants) |
| types of respiration | -aerobic (with oxygen) -anaerobic (without oxygen) - produces a twentieth of the energy of aerobic |
| aerobic respiration word equation | oxygen + glucose -> carbon dioxide + water |
| aerobic respiration symbol equation (balanced) | C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 +6H20 |
| anaerobic respiration word equation | glucose -> lactic acid + energy + water |
| anaerobic respiration symbol equation (balanced) | C3 H6 O3 + 3O2 -> 3CO2 + 3H2O |
| lactic acid | - causes cramp / muscle pain - mild poison - to get rid of it the body must repay the 'oxygen debt' |
| effects of exercise | - increased heart rate / blood flow (more oxygen and glucose in blood travelling faster) - higher breathing rate/ depth (more carbon dioxide out, more oxygen diffuses into red blood cells) - more aerobic respiration (more energy) |
| glycogen | converted glucose |
| glucose | stored glycogen in liver and muscles |
| what can anaerobic respiration lead to? | muscle fatigue |
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