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Description
Flashcards by stephabraham, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by stephabraham
almost 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| The Skeleton Is: | The name given to the collection of bones that hold our body. |
| How many bones does a baby have? | 305 bones |
| How many bones does an adult have? | 206 bones |
| Why do we have more bones as a baby? | Because as we grow, some of our bones join together to form one together. |
| What makes up a bone? | 50% water and 50% solid matter (calcium and phosphate). |
| What is a bone? | A living structure, capable of growth, adaption and repair. |
| First function of the Skeletal System | Provides a framework to which the soft tissues attach and gives the body shape. |
| Second function of the Skeletal System | Movement: the bones are the leavers in which our muscles pull. |
| The third function of the Skeletal System | Protects our vital organs eg. the skull protects the brain, ribs protect the heart and lungs. |
| The forth function of the Skeletal System | Blood cell formation-the long bones contain bone marrow which produces all new red blood cells and white blood cells. |
| The last function of the Skeletal System | Stores mineral salts especially calcium |
| What are the two major divisions of the Skeletal System? | The Axial and Appendicular Skeleton. |
| What does the axial skeleton consist of? | Bones which lie around the longitudinal axis of the body eg. the skull, vertebral column (spine), sternum and ribs. |
| What does the appendicular skeleton consist of? | Bones of the limbs (arm, wrist, hand, leg, foot), Pectoral (shoulder), girdle and pelvic (hips) girdle. |
| Bone Structure | Cartilage (spongy bone): tough, end of bones and between joints, protects bones by absorbing the impact experienced in movements such as jumping Bone marrow: manufactures red blood cells |
| What are the types of bones? | Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones and sesamoid bones. |
| Long Bone | Are long and narrow and have a hollow shaft containing bone marrow. eg. Femur, tibia, radias and humerus. Function: Movement |
| Short Bones | Are rough cubical and have the same width and length. eg. carpals of wrist, tarsals of the foot. Function: Absorbs Shock |
| Flat Bone | Provides flat areas for attachment of muscles and enclose cavities for protection of organs. eg. scapula, ribs, sternum and skull. Function: Protects Vital Organs |
| Irregular Bones | Have no regular characteristics, various shapes. eg. Vertebrae, pelvis and face bones Function: Protects joints and organs |
| Sesamoid Bones | Are small bones developed in tendons around some joints. eg. Patella Function: Provides a pully system |
| Vertebral Column | The cord is protected because each vertebra has a hollow centre through which the spinal cord travels. |
| More about the vertebral column | The size of the vertebrae increase from top to bottom. This helps them to support the weight of the upper body. Movement in the vertebral column as a whole unit is very good, allowing bending, twisting and rotation. |
| What are joints? | Joints are where two or more bones articulate (meet). |
| Classification of Joints | Joints are classified according to how much movement they allow. |
| Fibrous | Fixed or immovable joints such as the cranium, sacrum and the coccyx. |
| Cartilaginous | These are slightly movable joints such as the vertebrae. Has no fluid. |
| Synovial | These are freely movable Joints such as the shoulder and hip. Has fluid |
| Ligaments | Join bone to bone |
| Tendon | Joins muscle to bone |
| Connective Tissue | Cartilage, Ligaments and Tendons |
| Cartilage | Tough, fibrous connective tissues at the end of bones and between joints, protects bones by absorbing the impact. eg. jumping |
| Ligaments | Strong fibrous band of connective tissue that holds together two or more moveable bones or cartilage or supports an organ. |
| Tendons | A fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones |
| What are the 6 types of Synovial Joints? | Ball & Socket -Hip and Shoulder Hinge- Knee, elbow and ankle Pivot- Radias-ulna, atlas/axis Saddle- Thumb Condyloid/Ovoid-Wrist Gliding- between carpals and tarsals |
| Ball and Socket Joints | The epiphysis of one bone fits into a socket of another and are held in place by ligaments. Allows side-to-side, back and forth and rotational movement. Greatest range of movement of all synovial joints |
| Hinge Joints | A joint in which a convex part of one bone fits into a concave part of another, allowing motion in only one plane. |
| The Pivot Joint | Ring shape structure of one bone fits around a pivot like structure of another. |
| The Saddle Joint | Saddle like structure of a bone fits into another saddle like structure of a different bone. |
| The Gliding Joint | Flat surfaces of bones only allow slight gliding movement. eg carpals and tarsals |
| Condyloid/Ovoid Joint | Movement through two planes. |
| Features of a Synovial Joint: Hyaline/articular cartilage | Structure: Smooth and spongy, covers ends of bones. Function: Prevents friction between articulation bones. |
| Features of a Synovial Joint: Two layered Joint Capsule | Structure: Outer layer-tough and fibrous. Inner- synovial membrane covers all internal surfaces. Function: To strengthen joint and to secrete synovial fluid. |
| Features of a Synovial Joint: Synovial Fluid | Structure: Slippery fluid like egg white which fills joint capsule. Function: Reduces friction, nourishes cartilage and gets rid of waste from the joint. |
| Features of a Synovial Joint: Ligament | Structure: A band of strong fibrous connective material. Function: Joins bone to bone and provides stability. |
| Features of a Synovial Joint: Pads of Fat | Structure: Fatty pad found between capsule, bone or muscle. Function: Increases joint stability, acts as a shock absorber and reduces friction. |
| Features of a Synovial Joint: Meniscus | Structure: A wedge of tough flexible cartilage. Function: Improves fit between bone ends, increases stability and reduces wear and tear to joint surfaces. |
| Features of a Synovial Joint: Bursae | Structure: Fluid filled sac found between tendon and bone. Function: Reduces friction |
| Movement around a Joint | All synovial joints can move freely but the amount and type of movements which occur at each joint varies. Many movements occur in pairs-they are the opposite of each other. |
| Technical Terms: Flexion | A decrease in the angle that occurs in a joint. Example: Hinge Joint |
| Technical Terms: Extension | An increase in the angle which occurs at the joint. Example: Hinge Joint |
| Technical Terms: aBduction | Movement away from the mid line of the body. Example: Ball and Socket |
| Technical Terms: aDduction | Movement towards the midline of the body. Example: Ball and Socket |
| Technical Terms: Rotation | Movement of a bone around the axis (can be inward (medial) or outward (lateral)) Example: Ball and Socket |
| Technical Terms: Circumduction | Lower end of bone moves around in a circle. Example: Ball and Socket |
| Technical Terms: Plantar Flexion | Pointing the foot downwards. |
| Technical Terms: Dorsiflexion | Bending the foot upwards towards tibia. |
| Technical Terms: Pronation | Facing the palm of the hand down. |
| Technical Terms: Supination | Facing the palm of the hand up |
| Possible movements of the Shoulder | Flexion & Extension, Adduction & Abduction, circumduction and rotation |
| Possible movements of the Elbow. | Flexion & Extension |
| Possible movements of the Radio-Ulna | Pronation & Supination |
| Possible movements of the Wrist | Flexion & Extension, adduction & abduction, circumduction |
| Possible movements of the Spine | Flexion & Extension, lateral extension, rotation |
| Possible movements of the Hip | Flexion & Extension, adduction & abduction, circumduction. |
| Possible movements of the Knee | Flexion & Extension |
| Possible movements of the Ankle | Dorsiflexion & plantaflexion |
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