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Flashcards by nicknicknicke, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by nicknicknicke
over 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Linnaeus | created the binomial term homo-sapiens that is still used to day. Also grouped species that were similar into similar genus, family, etc |
| Cuvier | developed Paleontology (study of fossils) opposed idea of evolution. He advocated catastrophism (principle that events in the past occurred suddenly and were caused by mechanisms different from those operating in the present. |
| Lyell | Uniformitarianism- mechanisms of change are constant over time. |
| Hutton | proposed Earth's geological features could be explained by gradual mechanisms still operating today. Ex: valleys formed b/c of rivers |
| Lamarck | published his hypothesis in 1809, the year Darwin was born. By comparing living species with fossil forms. (Use & Disuse)- parts of body that are used a lot become larger & stronger. (Inheritance of acquired characteristics)- organism could pass these traits to its offspring |
| Adaptations | inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival & reproduction in specific environments. |
| Natural Selection | process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than others because of those traits |
| Wallace | developed theory of natural selection almost identical to Darwin's. |
| Origin of Species 3 observations | 1. Unity of Life 2. Diversity of Life 3. Match between organisms & enviros |
| Descent with Modification | Organisms share many characteristics leading Darwin to perceive unity in life. |
| Artificial Selection | Humans have modified other species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals that posses desired traits |
| Malthus | much of human suffering disease, famine, and war-was the inescapable consequence of human population's potential to increase faster than food supplies & other resources |
| Natural Selection Summary | Process in which individuals that have certain inheritable traits survive and reproduce at higher rate b/c of those traits Natural selection can increase match between organisms and their environment If enviro changes...natural selection may result in adaptation to new enviro (new species) |
| Homology | Similarity resulting from common ancenstry |
| Homologous Structures | represent variations on a structural theme that was present in their common ancestor |
| Vestigial Structures | remnants or features that served important functions in the organism's ancestors |
| evolutionary tree | diagram that reflects evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms |
| convergent evolution | independent evolution of similar features in different lineages |
| Analogous | share similar function, but not common ancestry |
| Biogeography | geographical distribution of species |
| endemic | species that are found nowhere else in the world |
| Voyage of the Beagle | gave rise to Darwin's idea that new species originate from ancestral forms through adaptations |
| Origin of Species | Darwin's hypothesis that evolution happens through natural selection |
| Support for Evolution | I. MRSA Vaccines II. Organisms share common homology or b/c natural selection convergent effect III. Fossils IV. Evolutionary theory can explain bio geographical patterns |
| Microevolution | as change in allele frequencies in a population over generations |
| genetic variations | differences among individuals in the composition of their genes other than DNA segments. |
| Average Heterozygosity | average percentage of loci that are heterozygous |
| Discrete characters | determined by a single gene locus with different alleles that produce distinct phenotypes |
| quantitative characters | usually results from the influence of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character |
| geographic variation | differences in the genetic composition of separate populations |
| cline | graded change in a character along a geographic axis |
| population | group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring |
| gene pool | consists of all copies of every type of allele at every type of locus in all members of the population. |
| Hardy Weinberg Principle | the frequencies of alleles & genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work |
| Conditions for Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium | I. No mutations II. Random Mating III. No natural selection IV. Extremely large population size V. No gene flow |
| genetic drift | chance events that cause allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next, especially in small populations. |
| founder effect | When few individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population |
| bottleneck effect | a sudden change in an environment such as fire, flood...may drastically reduce the size of population. Causes this effect...some alleles may be over represented and some may be absent |
| gene flow | transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to movement of fertile individuals or their gametes |
| relative fitness | the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals |
| Directional Selection | occurs when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting populations frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other |
| Disruptive Selection | occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes |
| Stabilizing Selection | acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants. This mode reduces variation and tends to maintain status quo for particular phenotypic character |
| sexual selection | form of selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than others to obtain mates |
| intrasexual selection | selection within the same sex, individuals of the same sex compete directly for mates of the opposite sex |
| Sexual Dismorphism | difference between the two sexes in secondary sexual characteristics |
| Intersexual Selection | "mate choice" individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates from the other sex |
| neutral variation | differences in DNA sequence that do not confer a selective advantage or disadvantage |
| Balancing selection | occurs when natural selection maintains two or more forms in a population. This type of selection includes heterozygote advantage & frequency-dependent selection |
| Frequency Dependent Selection | fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in the population |
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