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Description
Flashcards by Luca Cameron, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Luca Cameron
over 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What are the 3 golden rules for 4 + 6 grid references? | 1) First, look at the line to the left 2) Then, look at the line underneath 3) There are no spaces or comma's between the numbers in your answer. |
| What are the 4 different types of weathering? | 1) Exfoliation (onion-skin) 2) Freeze-thaw 3) Biological 4) Chemical |
| What are the 5 different types of erosion? | 1) Corrasion (abrasion) 2) Corrosion 3) Hydraulic action 4) Hydraulic Pressure 5) Attrition |
| ---, ---, --- & --- constantly break down the rocks | rain, sun, wind and snow |
| What's another name for Freeze-thaw? | Frost-shattering |
| What is freeze-thaw weathering? | Water gets into a crack in a rock and when temperatures drop at night, it freezes. As it turns to ice it expands and causes the crack to open a little. When it thaws the ice melts again to water and the pressure is released. Repeated freezing and thawing weakens the rock until it splits in two. |
| Where would you find freeze-thaw weathering? | Mountainous areas |
| What is exfoliation? | Rock is repeatedly heated and cooled. As it gets heated, the outer layer expands, and as it cools, the outer layer contracts again. Over a period of time, the outer layer starts to peel off. |
| What is another name for exfoliation? | Onion-skin weathering |
| Where would you find exfoliation? | Desert areas where in daytime its very hot and in nighttime its very cold |
| What is biological weathering? | Due to the action of plants and animals. A seed may fall into a crack in a rock and start to grow. As the roots of this new plant start to develop, they gradually force the cracks to widen until the rock falls apart. Eventually, burrowing animals can help break down the rock... |
| What is chemical weathering? What is it caused by? | Its caused by the action of water (acid rain). Normal rain water contains small amounts of acid from city pollution. This acid attacks the rock which causes it to rot and crumble away. |
| What factors make chemical weathering faster? Where would you most likely find this type of weathering? | --Water and heat --You'd find it in places which are warm and wet |
| What is weathering? (a simple sentence) | The breakdown of rocks by water, frost, temperature change and by the effects of animals. |
| What does 'IN SITU' mean? | in its place of origin |
| Weathering and erosion work together. Weathering breaks up & _____ the surface of rocks in situ, while erosion wears away & _____ the loosened material. | weakens, removes |
| The action of rivers, ___, ___ & ___ are the chief types of erosion | The action of rivers, the sea, ice and wind |
| Bulldozers and lorries are examples of _____ erosion. | human |
| What do the bull dozers and lorries do according to human erosion? | They dig out and move large amounts of soil and loose rock. |
| _____ wears away the land, _____ moves the material from one place to another, and _____ builds up new land forms. | erosion, transportation, deposition |
| Name 4 points on how a river can erode the land into a 'V' shaped valley | 1) River erodes downwards 2) As river cuts down, the steep sides are attacked by weathering 3) Loosened material slowly creeps down the slope because of gravity and washed into the river which carried it away 4) End result is a steep-sided 'V' shaped valley |
| What is another name for Corrasion? | Abrasion |
| What is corrasion? | Sediment in a wave erodes a sea cliff |
| What type of weathering is corrosion like? | Chemical weathering |
| What is corrosion? | Chemicals and salt react with certain minerals in rocks (acid in rainwater reacts with Calcium Carbonate from limestone) |
| What is Hydraulic Action? | The FORCE and POWER of waves erode the coast |
| _____ make use of Hydraulic Action | surfers ;) |
| What is hydraulic pressure? | Air is compressed in cracks in a rock/cliff when a wave crashes in to it. |
| What's attrition? | --Sea currents move pieces of broken rock in the water --These smaller pieces collide so they break into smaller and smaller pieces --Eventually, they get so small that they get deposited on the coast, helping make a beach |
| River's Features: Define these words: 1) source 2) spurs 3) valley sides 4) V-shaped valley 5) channel 6) river banks 7) river bed 8) load | 1) where a river starts 2) Ridges of land around a river's curves 3) slopes on either side of a river 4) shape of a valley in its UPPER-COURSE! 5) course of a river 6) sides of a river channel 7) bottom of a river channel 8) Material carried/moved by the river |
| 'V'-shaped valleys are only found in the _____-course of a river | upper-course |
| What is the highest waterfall, where is it and how tall is it? | Angel Falls, Venezuela (979 metres tall) |
| Niagara Falls is located between _____ & _____ | Canada & U.S |
| What's a plunge pool? | Area below the waterfall where the water lands from the top... the rock gets worn away therefore making it deeper |
| What is a gorge? | A valley with almost vertical sides, that has been carved out by the river & the waterfall |
| How long is the gorge of Niagara Falls? | 11 kilometres long! |
| How does a waterfall's gorge get longer? | Usually at the top of the waterfall, there is hard rock, and at the bottom there is softer rock. When the water falls over the edge (with some pieces of rock etc.) some of it erodes the side of the cliff, causing it to move inwards, leaving the harder rock on its own. When it gets too heavy because there is no rock to support it, it collapses into the plunge pool, and therefore the waterfall moved back. Over a long period of time, the waterfall may move back a lot! ;) |
| What's a meander? | Another name for a river bend |
| TRUE or FALSE: You can find the fastest current of water in a river bend in shallow waters. | FALSE: fastest current of water is in the deep waters |
| What are headlands? | pieces of harder rock which stick out into the sea |
| what are bays? | Areas on the coast which have softer rock (e.g. chalk or limestone) |
| Through what type of erosion do cracks in a rock by the sea form? | Hydraulic Pressure |
| Complete the sentences: -The sea attacks small cracks & opens them, and when the cracks get larger, it develops into a ___. -When it wears away right through the headland, an ___ is formed. -Further erosion causes it to collapse, leaving a ___. -Undercutting occurs which makes it collapse as well, forming a ___. | cave arch stack stump |
| Define undercutting | When a stack gets eroded from the bottom, leaving the stack to balance on a small piece of rock, and when the weight becomes too heavy, the stack collapses |
| How is a beach formed? Write 3 steps using these key words: -eroded -transported -deposited | 1) Material get eroded from one part of the coast 2) This material is then transported by waves and sea currents to somewhere else along the coast 3) When the material is deposited it may eventually lead to the formation of a beach |
| What is a spit? | Its a special type of "beach" It extends out into the sea It normally grows across a bay |
| Name 4 methods to help reduce coastal erosion | 1) Sea walls 2) Beach Rebuilding 3) Groynes 4) Rip-rap 5) Gabion 6) Concrete revetment 7) Wooden revetment |
| What are sea walls? | They stop the waves reaching the land. They reflect them back into the sea |
| What are 2 more names for Beach Rebuilding? | Beach nourishment/replenishment |
| What is Beach replenishment? | Puts/replaces the sand on the beach, which helps protect the land |
| What are groynes? | They slow the movement of material carried by the sea currents which get deposited on the beach |
| What's another name for rip-rap? | Rock armour |
| What is rip-rap? | mixture of large boulders & concrete blocks which protect the coast by breaking up the waves |
| What's a gabion? | Steel wire mesh filled with boulders |
| What type of energy do wooden revetments absorb? | wave energy |
| What is agriculture? | farming |
| What are the 3 types of agriculture? | 1) Arable 2) Pastoral 3) Mixed farming |
| TRUE or FALSE: Arable farming is basically growing crops. Pastoral farming is basically where have grass for animals to graze. Mixed farming is a mixture of both. | TRUE! |
| Name 2 physical factors on farmings, and 2 human factors. | Physical: -climate -relief -soil Human: -size -technology -machinery -distance from markets -transport |
| What are the two different types of pastoral farming? | -hill sheep -cattle |
| Why could you not keep cows on a hill sheep farm? | Hill sheep live on hills, but cattle need fast land because their legs can't hold their weight very well ;) |
| What's a subsidie? | Cash payments the government and the E.U. provide for arable farmers |
| Complete the sentences according to a hill-sheep farm: -the soil is (good/poor) -there is a (smooth/steep) hillside -there's also (small/large) area of low land -they grow food for (the sheep/humans) on the lower land | -poor -steep -small -the sheep (for the winter feed) |
| Give 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages for hedges | Advantages: -attractive (when they're well looked after) -roots hod soil together -provide home for wildlife Disadvantages: -cutting hedges costs time & money -hedges take up space which could be used as farmland -get in the way of machinery in fields |
| What is another word for 'work' (according to jobs and stuff, not cows...)? | Industry |
| There are many different types of industry, together they're called _____ _____. | Economic Activities |
| What are the three main types of industry? | Primary, secondary and tertiary |
| What is the primary industry? Give an example. | --employ people to collect or produce natural resources from the land or sea. --e.g. farming, fishing, forestry, mining (quarrying) |
| What is the secondary industry? Give an example. | --employ people to make things, or assemble things. --e.g. car assembly, house construction etc. |
| What is another name for the secondary industry? | Manufacturing |
| What is the tertiary industry? Give an example. | --provide service for people. They give help to others. No goods are made here. --e.g. nurses, shop assistants, entertainers. |
| What's another name for this type of industry? | Service |
| The proportion of people working in primary, secondary and tertiary industries is called the _____ _____. | Employment structure |
| Which industry was dominant around the 1900s? | secondary |
| Which industry was dominant in the 1800s? | Primary |
| Which industry is dominant nowadays? | tertiary |
| Name the 6 things you have to consider when choosing a site to build a factory. | 1) Raw materials 2) Labour 3) Site 4) Transport 5) Power 6) Market |
| What does it mean by, "before building a factory, you need to find the best site" | There needs to be plenty of cheap, flat land there. |
| Give the names of the materials, and how many tonnes of each, to make 1 tonne of steel | 8 tonnes of coal + 4 tonnes of iron ore + 1 tonne of limestone = 1 tonne of steel |
| What type of industry is steel making? | secondary |
| "Toyota uses a ____-__-____ system of manufacture where components (car parts) are supplied to the assembly line just minutes before needed." | Just-in-Time |
| Industries in decline are called _____ industries. Growing industries are called _____ industries. | sunset sunrise |
| What is a high-tech industry? What do they make? | They make products such as microchips, computer, phones, pharmaceuticals (drugs) and scientific equipment. |
| What's the difference between a greenfield site and a brownfield site? | greenfield = weren't used before brownfield = used before |
| 3 main areas in Britain according to high-tech industries and where they are | 1) silicon strip (M4 corridor) 2) Silicon Glen (central scotland) 3) Silicon Fen (around Cambridge) |
| Give 2 advantages of science/business parks, and also 2 disadvantages. | PRO: -near main road for transport -firms can exchange ideas and info -nice facilities shared -pool of high skilled workers can be built CON: -too many cars may cause traffic & congestion -edge-of-city sites can be far from shops and town centre -firms may prefer to be by themselves to keep secrets -at times it may be difficult to find enough skilled workers |
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