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Description
Flashcards by Amanda Walsh, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Amanda Walsh
about 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Modern Cell Theory | All organisms are composed of cells and cell products (the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of the organism) Cells come only from preexisting Cells All organism's structure and functions are due to the activities of its cells |
| Cell (Plasma) Membrane | Lipid bi-layer with proteins; semi-permeable barrier (water and gasses); regulates mvmt of materials in and out of cell; maintains integrity of the cell |
| Glycocalyx | unique fuzzy coat on the plasma membrane; unique in everyone but identical twins Functions: protection; immunity to infection; defense against cancer; transplant compatibility; fertilization; embryonic development |
| Microvilli | Extensions of membrane; increase cell's surface area (esp. in cells that are specialized in absorption); in the intestine they are close-packed and appear as fringe (brush) |
| Nucleus | controls cell processes (i.e. cell metabolism); contains genetic information that provides instructions for protein synthesis; largest organelle; surrounded by nuclear envelope; contains nucleoplasm (chromatin and nucleoli) |
| Nucleoli | bodies in the nucleus where ribosome subunits are assembled |
| Chromatin | thin, threadlike bumpy material; composed mainly of DNA (with histone proteins); found in nucleus when the cell is not dividing |
| Cytoplasm | material between plasma membrane and the nucleus |
| Cystol | thick, translucent "gel-like" fluid with dissolved protein, salts, sugars, and other solutes in which the organelles are suspended |
| Inclusions | chemical substances such as glycogen granules and pigment |
| Mitochondria | "Power house" of the cell; hold the enzymes for the aerobic part of cell respir; important site of ATP production; # varies frm cell to cell dpndng on the energy required of the cell; double membrane structure w/ shelf-like cristae; contains their own DNA/RNA and can reproduce themselves |
| Ribosomes | small granules made of proteins and rRNA; consists of 2 subunits fit together to resemble an acorn; non-membranous; site of protein synthesis (meeting place of mRNA and tRNA) |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | network of internal membranes that provide "containers for chemical reactions"; interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing cisternae; continuous with the nuclear membrane; involved in transport of protein and other materials within cell to Golgi apparatus; two varieties |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | membranous sacs and tubules with external surface studded with ribosomes; associated with protein synthesis (manufactures all secreted proteins); responsible for the synthesis of integral membrane proteins (proteins bound for transport to Golgi apparatus) |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | membranous sacs and tubules free of ribosomes; involved in lipid and steroid synthesis, lipid metabolism, detoxification, conversion of glycogen to glucose |
| Golgi Apparatus | the "traffic director" of the cell; packaging and shipping station; stack of membranous sacs and associated vesicles (looks like dinner plates); functions in processing, sorting, packaging and secretion of molecules (proteins) out of cells |
| Lysosome | packaged by Golgi apparatus; "cell stomach"; membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes; digestion of foreign substances and of tissue debris; enzymes not produced here just packaged |
| Peroxisomes | similar in shape to lysosomes, but are smaller and contain enzymes that use oxygen to oxidize (break down) organic substances |
| Microtubules | cylindrical structures of tubulin proteins; form cytoskeleton-support and shape the cell; form mitotic spindle and centrioles involved in movement and cilia and flagella; involved in transport in axons |
| Cytoskeleton | the "skeleton" of the cell; supports cellular structures and generates cell movements; consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments |
| Centrioles | small organelles located near the nucleus; pair of cylinders each made of nine triplets of microtubules; assist in the formation of the mitotic spindle and help distribute chromosome to the new cells during cell division |
| Cilia | made of microtubules; extensions of plasma membrane that beat to move substances across the cells; |
| Flagella | tail of the sperm; whip-like structure; long, stiffened by coarse fiber that support the tail; movement is wavy |
| Goblet Cells | secrete mucus; found interspersed among the columnar and pseudostratified epithelial of the respiratory and GI tracts |
| Endothelium | "inner covering"; simple squamous epithelium; forms lining of blood and lymph vessels and heart; slick; friction-reducing |
| Mesothelium | "Middle covering"; simple squamous epithelium; lines ventral body cavities and covers internal organs; forms "serous membranes" produces thin watery fluid |
| Glandular Epithelium | composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fluids; one or more of these constitute a gland (exocrine and endocrine) |
| Exocrine Glands | secrete their product onto body surfaces (internal and external) i.e. mucus, sweat, oil, salivary glands, liver (bile), pancreas |
| Endocrine Glands | ductless glands; secrete hormones directly into tissue fluids; i.e. pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas and gonads |
| Basement Membrane | reinforces the epithelial sheet, resists stretching and tearing; consists of two layers (basal lamina and reticular lamina) |
| Basal Lamina | thin sheet deep to basal surface of epithelium; non cellular, adhesive sheet of glycoproteins; filters substances diffusing from underlying connective tissue |
| Reticular Lamina | thin layer of connective tissue deep to basal lamina; anchors epithelium to other tissues, has blood vessels to nourish it |
| Stem Cell | undifferentiated cells without specialized function that can differentiate into one or more types of mature cells |
| Two ways that repairing of damaged tissue occurs | 1-replacement of dead or damaged cells by cells of the same type (regeneration) 2-replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue (fibrosis) |
| The four stages of healing | Bleeding, scab formation and macrophage activity, formation of granulation tissue and reconstruction, remodeling |
| Bleeding | severed blood vessels bleed into the wound histamine is released to dilate bvs and increase blood flow to area blood brings antibodies, clotting proteins, blood cells |
| scab formation and macrophage activity | blood clot forms connecting the edges of the cut and blocking spread of pathogens surface of clot dries forming a scab macrophages begin to clean out cellular debris via phagocytosis |
| formation of granulation tissue and reconstruction | new blood capillaries grow into the wound deep to the clot granulation tissue forms macrophages remove the clot while fibroblasts deposit new collagen to replace the clot lasts from 3-4 days after injury to up to 2 weeks |
| remodeling | epithelium regenerates, the cells migrate into the area under the scab to loosen it the underlying connective tissue undergoes fibrosis capillaries withdraw from fibrotic area may last 2 years |
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