2899558
| Question | Answer |
| Anxiety | generalised feeling of fear and apprehension that may be related to a particular situation or object and is often companied by increased physiological arousal (e.g. heart palpitations, difficulty breathing, dizziness, muscle tension) |
| Anxiety disorder | characterised by extreme fear (a response to external stimulus) and extreme anxiety ( a vague but persistent sense of dread when not up with the stimulus) |
| Specific phobia | focused on a specific object/ situation fear + avoidance excessive and disproportionate in relation to the feared stimulus Fear occurs in presence of the stimulus or when anticipating it, despite an intellectual recognition that the fear is unreasonable |
| Example of specific phobia | Phobia about blood: One may faint when seeing blood, and may avoid getting appropriate treatment for medical problems |
| Agrophobia | Fear and avoidance of being alone in a place where escape may be difficult or embarrassing. - causes significant level or distress or impairment - Treatment: graded exposure and relaxation |
| Social phobia | - Fear of one or more situations that might result in public embarrassment or humiliation + negative evaluation - Individuals either avoid these situations or endure them in sig. distress - Often cooccur with substance related disorders; because it provides self-communication, and positive reinforcement - Example: avoid eating, speaking or performing in public, or using public toilets or dressing rooms |
| Panic Attack | - abrupt surge of intense fear - reaches peak within the first few minutes of attack - accompanied by symptoms including palpitations, breathing difficulties, sweating, fear of losing control - thus changes aspects of life in hopes of avoiding them |
| Panic Disorder | - frequent, unexpected panic attacks - persistent concern about future panic attacks and maladaptive change in behaviours thus change aspects of life in hopes of avoiding them - avoid any activities that may lead to panic attacks (e.g. walking the stairs) |
| Generalised Anxiety Disorder | - constant and excessive anxiety - worry about things in general (health, work, achievement) - symptoms > 6 months - symptoms: restlessness, difficulty concentrating, easily being fatigued, muscle tension, sleep disturbance - worrying about things in the future |
| GAD Treatment | CBT Progressive muscle relaxation Medication |
| Type I worry | specific worries e.g. worry about losing a job, worry about being made redundant |
| Type II worry | Meta worries: worry about the worries; worry that one might lose control because he worries too much - what psychologists aim to work with - deal with through scheduling specific worry time |
| Psychosis | - inability to perceive and comprehend events accurately - lack of reality testing - fail to distinguish between personal subjective world and external reality world - accompanied with disorganized motor behaviours Key features: delusions, hallucinations, disorganised thinking patterns, negative symptoms |
| Delusion | - fixed, false beliefs - variety of themes: persecution, referential, grandiose, erotomania - clearly implausible or non-bizarre |
| Delusions - persecution | "they" are coming to get me e.g. "Russians are trying me to poison me with radioactive particles delivered through my tap water" |
| Delusions - referential | - neutral event is believed to have a specific meaning e.g. a person believing a celebrity's message is specifically meant for them |
| Delusions - Grandiose | one believes that he/she is famous or an important figure e.g. Jesus Christ |
| Delusions - erotomanic | belief in another person is in love with him/her |
| Hallucination | experience involving the apparent perception of something not present - any sensory modality: auditory, visual, tactile, olfactory |
| Flat affect | - negative symptom of schizophrenia - inability to initiate in goal-directed activities |
| avolition | negative symptom of schizophrenia - inability to initiate in goal-directed activities |
| Vulnerability-stress model | for a given disorder, there is both a predisposition to the disorder and specific stressors that combine to trigger the onset of the disorder |
| Psychosis treatment | - CBT- regain sense of control - provide empathy - family therapy |
| Cochrane review of risperidone | - anti-psychotic medication - marginal benefit although not clinically meaningful - negative effects: weight gain, constipation, insomnia |
| Personality disorder | - long-standing, pervasive, and inflexible pattern of behaviours that deviate markedly from the individual's culture's expectations and leads to significant level of distress and impairment in functioning |
| Clusters of personality disorder | - Odd/eccentric - Dramatic/erratic - Anxious/Fear |
| Borderline Personality Disorder | - chronic fear of abandonment - instability in mood, self-image, and relationships -impulsive behaviors: gambling, excessive spending - tell you one minute they love you another minute they hate you - intense emotional disregulation |
| BPD causes | - cooccur with mood disorders, bulimia disorder, substance abuse -> suggesting a genetic predisposition towards certain personality traits (impulsivity) - dysfunctional family environments: poor parental bonding, hostility - strong association between childhood sexual abuse and BPD |
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