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Description
Flashcards by Kelsey Hopland, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Kelsey Hopland
over 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Cell Theory | 1. all living things are composed of cells 2. the cell is the basic functional unit of life 3. the chemical reactions of life take place inside the cell 4. cells arise only from pre-existing cells 5. cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA, which is passed from parent cell to daughter cell |
| biological kingdoms | 1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Protista 4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia |
| organelles | nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, centrioles |
| cell membrane | encloses the cell and exhibits selective permeability consists of phospholipid bilayer permeable to small and non-polar hydrophobic molecules |
| nucleus | controls the activities of the cell, including division contains DNA complexed with histones to form chromosomes |
| nucleolus | dense structure in the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis occurs |
| ribosome | sites of protein production synthesized by the nucleolus found in cytoplasm and lining the outer membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum |
| endoplasmic reticulum | network of membrane-enclosed spaced involved in transport of materials throughout the cell two types: rough, smooth |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | contains ribosomes and plays an important role in the production of proteins |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | does not contain ribosomes, involved with metabolism and production of lipids |
| Golgi apparatus | modifies and repackages vesicles (and their contents) received from the smooth ER via glycosylation distributes repacked vesicles to the cell surface via exocytosis |
| mitochondria | composed of inner/outer phospholipid bilayer sites of aerobic respiration, hence major energy supplier of the cell produces ATP |
| cytoplasm | center for major portion of metabolic activity contains organelles, cytosol promotes cyclosis |
| cytosol | cellular fluid contained within cell membrane |
| cyclosis | streaming movement within cell, occurs in cytoplasm |
| vacuole/vesicle | membrane-bound sacs involved in the transport and storage of materials that are ingested, secreted, processed, or digested by the cell vacuoles are larger, more commonly found in plants |
| centrioles | non-bound organelle involved in spindle organization during cell division lie in region called the centrosome not found in plant cells |
| lysosomes | membrane-bound vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes involved in intracellular digestion |
| autolysis | a process by which a cell "commits suicide" by rupturing the membrane of the lysosome to prompt the release of hydrolytic enzymes |
| cytoskeleton | a mechanism for support, maintenance of cellular morphology, and motility composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments |
| microtubules | hollow rods of polymerized tubulin that radiate throughout the cell and provide support provide framework for organelle movement examples: centrioles, cilia, flagella |
| microfilaments | comprised of actin, solid rods which are important in cell movement and support move materials across the plasma membrane example: muscle contraction |
| simple diffusion | net movement of dissolved particles down a concentration gradient passive process which requires no energy |
| osmosis | diffusion of water from region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration |
| hypertonic | a condition in which the cytoplasm of a cell has a lower solute concentration than the extracellular medium |
| plasmolysis | shriveling of the cell due to external passive diffusion of water in hypertonic conditions |
| hypotonic | a condition in which the extracellular medium is less concentrated than the cytoplasm of the cell |
| lysis | swelling and bursting of a cell due to internal passive diffusion in hypotonic conditions |
| isotonic | a condition in which the extracellular environment has the same solute concentration as the cell cytoplasm |
| facilitated diffusion | net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradient through channels or carrier proteins energy independent passive transport |
| active transport | net movement of dissolved particles against their concentration gradient with the help of transport proteins requires energy |
| energy-independent carriers | carrier molecule which facilitates the movement of compounds along a concentration gradient |
| symporters | carrier molecules which move two or more ions/molecules in the same direction across the membrane |
| antiporters | exchange one or more ions/molecules for another ion/molecule across the membrane |
| pumps | energy-dependent carriers (e.g. sodium-potassium pump) |
| endocytosis | process in which the cell membrane invaginates, forming a vesicle that contains extracellular medium forms: pinocytosis, phagocytosis |
| pinocytosis | ingestion of fluids or small particles |
| phagocytosis | engulfing of large particles |
| exocytosis | process by which an internal vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and releases a large volume of contents to the outside (e.g. neurotransmitters) |
| Brownian movement | a mechanism of intracellular movement in which kinetic energy spreads small suspended particles throughout the cytoplasm |
| cyclosis | also known as streaming; a mechanism of intracellular movement in which the circular motion of cytoplasm around the cell transports molecules |
| intracellular movement of the endoplasmic reticulum | a mechanism of intracellular movement in which the ER forms a network of channels throughout the cytoplasm, providing direct continuous passageway from the plasma membrane to the nuclear membrane |
| methods of extracellular circulation | 1. diffusion 2. circulatory system |
| cell division | process by which a cell doubles its organelles and cytoplasm, replicates DNA, and then divides in two |
| unicellular division | purpose is reproduction |
| multicellular division | method of growth, development, and replacement |
| cell cycle | entire series of events leading to cellular replication involves mitosis, meiosis |
| interphase | period of growth and chromosome replication stages: G1, S, G2 |
| A. centromere B. chromatids C. sister chromatids *each colored unit is referred to as a chromosome | |
| G1 | initiation of interphase in which active growth of the cell and synthesis of proteins occurs |
| S | interphase period of DNA synthesis |
| G2 | period of preparation for division in which growth and synthesis of proteins occurs |
| M | last phase of the cellular cycle in which mitosis or meiosis occurs |
| mitosis | the division and distribution of the cell's DNA to its two daughter cells such that each cell receives a complete copy of the original gamete occurs in somatic cells |
| karyokinesis | nuclear division |
| cytokinesis | cellular division which occurs at the conclusion of telophase, involving the formation of a cleavage furrow and the slow pinching of the equator which results in separation |
| metaphase | formation of the metaphase plate via the alignment of the chromosomes to the equator of the cell by spindle attachment to the kinetochore |
| kinetochore | protein location on the centromere |
| anaphase | separation of the sister chromatids due to splitting of centromere additionally, pulling of material toward opposing poles by shortening of spindle fibers which are composed of microtubules |
| telophase | phase in which the spindle apparatus dissolves and a new nuclear membrane forms around the duplicated and separated chromosomes |
| meiosis | process by which sex cells are produced via the fusion of two separate gametes produces haploid cells |
| first meiotic division | produces two intermediate daughter cells with N chromosomes and sister chromatids |
| prophase 1 | condensation of chromatin, formation of spindle apparatus, dissolution of nuclear membrane synapsis occurs and a tetrad is formed |
| synapsis | process by which homologous chromosomes come together and intertwine |
| tetrad | state in which each synaptic pair of homologous chromosomes contains four chromatids |
| crossing over | corresponding breakage of chromatids of homologous chromosomes resulting in exchange of equivalent pieces of DNA occurs at chiasmata |
| metaphase 1 | stage in which tetrads align at the equatorial plane and each pair attaches to a separate spindle fiber at the kinetochore |
| anaphase 1 | stage in which disjunction occurs, involving the separation of homologous pairs being pulled to opposite poles of the cell results in creation of unique daughter cells |
| nondisjunction | occurs during meiosis anaphase 1 when cells do not separate appropriately, forming daughter cells with the incorrect number of chromosomes |
| telophase 1 | stage in which the formation of the nuclear membrane occurs note: at this point, the chromosomes still consist of sister chromatids joined at the centromere |
| second meiotic division | similar to mitosis, however not preceded by chromosomal replication chromosomes align at the equator, separate to opposite poles, a new nuclear membrane is formed note: new cels are haploid |
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