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| Question | Answer |
| CONSTRUCTING DEVIANCE | 1) Intro 2) Moral Entrepreneurs: Campaigning 3) Differential Social Power: Labeling 4) Differential Social Power: Resisting Labeling |
| CONSTRUCTING DEVIANCE 1) Intro | 1) Deviance should be regarded as lodged in a process of definition, rather than in some objective feature of an object, person, or act. 2) The process by which a society constructs definitions of deviance and applies them to specific groups of people associated with these objects or acts. |
| CONSTRUCTING DEVIANCE 2) Moral Entrepreneurs: Campaigning | a) Moral Enterprise b) Moral Entrepreneurs c) Awareness d) Moral Conversion e) Moral Panic |
| CONSTRUCTING DEVIANCE 2) Moral Entrepreneurs: Campaigning a) Moral Enterprise | 1) Moral Enterprise: The process of constructing and applying definitions of deviance. 2) It involves the construction of moral meanings and the association of them with specific acts or conditions. |
| CONSTRUCTING DEVIANCE 2) Moral Entrepreneurs: Campaigning b) Moral Entrepreneurs | 1) Becker (1963) 2) Moral Entrepreneurs: The people who are involved in moral enterprises. 3) The deviance-making enterprise has two facets: rule-creating and rule-enforcing. |
| CONSTRUCTING DEVIANCE 2) Moral Entrepreneurs: Campaigning b) Moral Entrepreneurs --Rule Creating | -Rule Creating: Without which there would be no deviant behavior. -Rule creating can be done by individuals acting either alone or in groups. -Individuals band together to use their collective energy and resources to change social definitions and to create norms and rules. -Groups of moral entrepreneurs represent interest groups that can be galvanized and activated into pressure groups. |
| CONSTRUCTING DEVIANCE 2) Moral Entrepreneurs: Campaigning b) Moral Entrepreneurs --Rule Creators | -Rule creators ensure that our society is supplied with a constant stock of deviance by defining the behavior of others as immoral. -They perceive people as threats and feel fearful, distrustful, and suspicious of their behavior. -They seek to transform private troubles into public issues and their private morality into the normative order. -Examples of rule creators: Politicians, Crusading Public Figures, Teachers, Parents, School Administrators, and CEOs of business organizations. |
| CONSTRUCTING DEVIANCE 2) Moral Entrepreneurs: Campaigning b) Moral Entrepreneurs --Rule Enforcing | -Rule Enforcing: Applying these rules to specific groups of people. -Examples of rule enforcers: Police/Courts/Judges, Dormitory RAs, Members of Neighborhood Associates, Inter-Fraternity Council, and Parents (here as well). |
| CONSTRUCTING DEVIANCE 2) Moral Entrepreneurs: Campaigning c) Awareness | 1) The first goal of moral entrepreneurs is to generate broad awareness of a problem. 2) Spector and Kitsus (1977) referred to awareness as "claims making." |
| CONSTRUCTING DEVIANCE 2) Moral Entrepreneurs: Campaigning c) Awareness --"Claims Making" | -Claims-makers draw our attention to given issues by asserting "danger messages." -Because no rules exist to deal with the threatening conditions, claims-makers construct the impression that these are necessary. |
| CONSTRUCTING DEVIANCE 2) Moral Entrepreneurs: Campaigning c) Awareness --"Danger Messages" | -Examples of danger messages: Secondhand Smoke, Drunk Driving, Hate Crimes, College Binge Drinking, Illegal Immigrants (and their link to terrorists), Outsourcing, Guns in Schools, Junk Food, Politics in the Classroom, and Obesity. |
| CONSTRUCTING DEVIANCE 2) Moral Entrepreneurs: Campaigning c) Awareness --Promoting | -Claims-makers draw on the testimonials of various "experts" and others with specific knowledge of the situations. -Issues are framed in these testimonials and disseminated to society via the media as "typical" to promote specific examples, orientations, causes, and solutions. |
| CONSTRUCTING DEVIANCE 2) Moral Entrepreneurs: Campaigning c) Awareness --Rhetorical Techniques | -Several rhetorical techniques are used to package and present these facts in the most compelling way. -Statistics may show the rise in the incidence of a given behavior, or its correlation with other social problems. -Dramatic case examples can paint a picture of horror in the public's mind, inspiring fear and loathing. -Particular cases are usually selected because they have no moral ambiguity and feature the dimension of the problem that is being highlighted. -Rhetoric requires that each side seek the (usually competing) "moral high ground" in their assertions and attacks on each other, disavowing special interests and pursuing only the purist public good. |
| CONSTRUCTING DEVIANCE 2) Moral Entrepreneurs: Campaigning d) Moral Conversion | 1) Moral Conversion: Rule creators must convince others of their views. 2) With the problem outlined, they have to covert neutral parties and previous opponents into supporting partisans. |
| CONSTRUCTING DEVIANCE 2) Moral Entrepreneurs: Campaigning d) Moral Conversion --Techniques Used | -To effect a moral conversion, rule creators must compete for space in the public arena, often a limited resource. -Moral entrepreneurs must draw on elements of drama, novelty, politics, and deep mythic themes of the culture to gain the visibility they need. -To gain visibility, moral entrepreneurs must attract the media attention necessary to spread word of their campaign widely. |
| CONSTRUCTING DEVIANCE 2) Moral Entrepreneurs: Campaigning d) Moral Conversion --Experts | -Hilgartner and Bosk (1988) have suggested that only so many issues can claim widespread attention, and they do so at the expense of others. -As Durkheim noted for deviance, only a limited number of public concerns can be supported in society at any given time. |
| CONSTRUCTING DEVIANCE 2) Moral Entrepreneurs: Campaigning d) Moral Conversion --Sponsors | -Rule creators must also enlist the support of sponsors, opinion leaders who need not have expert knowledge on any particular subject, but are liked and respected, to provide them with public endorsements. -Examples: Athletes, Actors, Musicians, Religious Leaders, and Media Personalities. |
| CONSTRUCTING DEVIANCE 2) Moral Entrepreneurs: Campaigning d) Moral Conversion --Alliances and Coalitions | -Rule creators look to different groups in society to form alliances or coalitions to support their campaigns. -Alliances are made up of long-term allies. -Coalitions represent groups that do not normally lobby together, but are bonded by their mutual interests in a single issue. |
| CONSTRUCTING DEVIANCE 2) Moral Entrepreneurs: Campaigning e) Moral Panic | 1) Moral Panic: Arises when a threat to society is depicted, promoting terror and dread with its powerful persuasive focus on folk devils. 2) The term was coined by Jock Young, but popularized in the field of deviance by Stanley Cohen's (1972) book on the Mods and the Rockers. |
| CONSTRUCTING DEVIANCE 2) Moral Entrepreneurs: Campaigning e) Moral Panic --Issue Entrepreneurs | -Conditions of unsettling social strain make a community ripe for a moral panic to erupt. -When it does, expert "claims-makers" (Spector and Kituse 1977), or issue entrpreneurs, articulate the scope and specific danger of the problem, identifying social conditions that members of a group perceived to be offensive and undesirable. |
| CONSTRUCTING DEVIANCE 2) Moral Entrepreneurs: Campaigning e) Moral Panic --To Make A Claim | -To make a claim, it is necessary to engage in a variety of specific activities: naming the problem, distinguishing it from other similar or more encompassing problems, determining the scientific, technical, moral or legal basis of the claim, and gauging who is responsible for taking ameliorative action. |
| CONSTRUCTING DEVIANCE 2) Moral Entrepreneurs: Campaigning e) Moral Panic --"Feeding Frenzy" | -The level of moral anxiety becomes stoked by concerned individuals promoting the problem, legislators who react and heighten the alarm, and sensationalist news media that whip the public into a "feeding frenzy" through highly emotional claims and fear-based appeals. -Folk devils become treated as threats to dominant social interests and values. |
| CONSTRUCTING DEVIANCE 2) Moral Entrepreneurs: Campaigning e) Moral Panic --Stigma Contest | -Significant contests may emerge between claims-makers arguing for the stigmatization of various folk devils and those who attempt to reject or even reverse the stigmatization onto the original accusers or some other parties. |
| DIFFERENTIAL SOCIAL POWER: LABELING | 1) Social Power |
| DIFFERENTIAL SOCIAL POWER: RESISTING LABELING | 1) *** |
| THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF DRUG SCARES | 1)Intro 2) Drug Scares and Drug Laws 3) Toward a Culturally Specific Theory of Drug Scares |
| BLOWING SMOKE: STATUS POLITICS AND THE SMOKING BAN | 1) Intro 2) Status Politics and the Creation of Deviance 3) The Status Politics of Cigarette Smoking 4) Research Problem 5)Analytic Strategy 6) Findings 7) Summary and Discussion |
| FAILURE TO LAUNCH | 1) Intro 2) The Ideal Panic |
| GENDER, RACE, AND URBAN POLICING | 1) Intro 2) Method 3) Study Setting 4) The Experience of African-American Youth 5) Young Men and the Police 6) Young Women and the Police 7) Discussion |
| HOMOPHOBIA AND WOMEN'S SPORT | 1) Intro 2) Results 3)Conclusions 4) Summary |
| THE MARK OF A CRIMINAL RECORD | 1) Intro 2) Trends in Incarceration 3) Study Design 4) Tester Profiles 5) The Effect of a Criminal Record for Whites 6) The Effect of Race 7) Racial Differences in the Effects of a Criminal Record 8) Discussion |
| THE SAINTS AND THE ROUGHNECKS | 1) Intro 2) The Saints from Monday to Friday 3) The Saints on Weekends 4) The Saints in School 5) The Police and the Saints 6) The Roughnecks 7) The Roughnecks in School 8) Two Questions 9) Adult Careers of the Saints and the Roughnecks 10) Reinforcement |
| DOCTORS' AUTONOMY AND POWER | 1) Intro 2) The "Protective Cloak": Status, Altruism, and Autonomy 3) Selected Medical Offenses 4) Medicaid Fraud and Abuse |
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