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| Question | Answer |
| Energy | the capacity to do work |
| Oxidation | atom or molecule loses an electron |
| Reduction | atom or molecule gains an electron |
| kinetic energy: | energy of motion |
| potential energy: | stored energy |
| free energy | the energy available to do work |
| activation energy | - extra energy required to destabilize existing bonds & initiate a chemical reaction - the energy that must be processed by a molecule in order for it to undergo a specific chemical reaction |
| 1ST Law of Thermodynamics | states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can only undergo conversion from 1 form to another thus the amount of energy in the universe is interchangeable. -during each conversion, some energy is lost as heat -living systems cannot create the energy needed for life, they must acquire it |
| 2ND law of thermodynamics | statement concerning the transformation of potential energy into heat, it says that disorder or (entropy) is continually increasing in the universe as energy changes occur, so disorder is more likely than order. -Energy cannot be transformed into another form w/ 100% efficacy. |
| allosteric activator | a substance that binds to an enzyme's allosteric site & increases enzyme activity |
| allosteric inhibitor | a noncompetitive inhibitor that binds to an enzyme's allosteric site & reduces enzyme activity |
| competitive inhibitor | An inhibitor that binds to the same active site as an enzyme’s substrate, thereby competing with the substrate for the active site. |
| noncompetitive inhibitor | An inhibitor that binds to a location other than the active site of an enzyme(allosteric site), changing the enzyme’s shape so that it cannot bind the substrate. |
| what is a catabolic reaction? Is it endergonic or exergonic? | - metabolic reactions that result in the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler compounds, often with the release of energy (exergonic) - |
| what is an anabolic reaction? | chemical reaction that expand energy to build up molecules (endergonic) |
| how does cold temperature affect enzyme reactions? | the hydrogen bonds & hydrophobic interactions that determine the enzyme's shape are not flexible enough to permit the induced fit that is optimum for catalysis |
| how does hot temperature affect enzyme reactions? | the hydrogen bonds & hydrophobic interactions become too weak to maintain the enzyme's shape, so the protein will become denatured |
| carboxylation | ... |
| decarboxylation | ... |
| What needs to happen in order to reuse an enzyme? | ... |
| • Why is energy converted into ATP? What is the purpose? | ATP is a chemical energy that cells can use. They need ATP to carry out the different functions |
| What does phosphorylation mean? | phosphorylation is the transfer of phosphate molecules to a protein |
| what does phosphorylation mean? | phosphorylation is the transfer of phosphate molecules to a protein |
| cellular respiration equation | C6H12O6+6O2 --- 6CO2+ 6H2O+ATP |
| reactants of cellular respiration | C6H12O6+6CO2 (glucose) and (oxygen) |
| products of cellular respiration | 6CO2+ 6H2O+ATP (carbon dioxide)+(water)+(energy) |
| What is the role of NAD and FAD? | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD+) are two cofactors that are involved in cellular respiration. They are responsible for accepting "high energy" electrons and carrying them ultimately to the electron transport chain where they are used to synthesize ATP molecules. source: https://aklectures.com/lecture/cellular-respiration/nad-and-fad-cofactors |
| What is the main source of energy for all living things? | the sun |
| aerobic respiration | The process that results in the complete oxidation of glucose using oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor for an electron transport chain that produces a proton gradient for the chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP. |
| anaerobic respiration | The use of electron transport to generate a proton gradient for chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP using a final electron acceptor other than oxygen (inorganic molecule) |
| autotrophs | An organism that can use simple organic compounds to build all the complex organic molecules it requires as its own food source. |
| heterotrophs | An organism that cannot derive energy from photosynthesis or inorganic chemicals, and so must feed on other plants and animals, obtaining chemical energy by degrading their organic molecules. |
| cellular respiration STEP 1 | glycolysis outside of the mitochondria |
| cellular respiration STEP 2 | pyruvate oxidation (inside mitochondria) |
| cellular respiration STEP 3 | citric acid cycle (inside mitochondria) |
| cellular respiration STEP 4 | electron transport chain (last step inside mitochondria) |
| During heavy exercise, what do we use when oxygen is not available? | anaerobic respiration |
| Is substituting carbohydrates for lipids a good idea? Why or why not? | yes because they provide more energy? |
| What step in cellular respiration can occur with or without oxygen? | glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen in fermentation process |
| What are the products of fermentation? | electrons are transferred from NADH to Pyruvate to produce lactic acid |
| • What happens to the oxygen in cellular respiration? What does it become? | it is converted into carbon dioxide, water and ATP |
| cellular respiration STEP 1 Product | (Glycolysis) glucose TURNS into *Pyruvate acid* |
| cellular respiration STEP 2 Product | (pyruvate oxidation) pyruvate acid is broken down into *acetyl-coA* |
| cellular respiration STEP 3 Product | (citric acid cycle) acetyl-coA combines with oxalacetate to form *Citrate* |
| cellular respiration STEP 4 Product | (electron transport chain) all electrons from previous steps create *ATP* |
| photosynthesis equation | 6CO2+12H2O+light energy =C6H12O6+6H2O+6O2 |
| Where do the carbon atoms in glucose come from? | the carbon atoms in glucose comes from carbon dioxide |
| What are favorable conditions for photosynthesis? | carbon dioxide, water and light energy |
| In photosynthesis, what molecule is oxygen derived from? | during photosynthesis, plants have to take in H2O & CO2. In the process, water is oxidized and carbon dioxide is reduced. As a result, water is transformed into oxygen while CO2 into glucose. |
| how does the stomata play a role in the production of glucose? | In plants, a minute opening bordered by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems; water passes out of a plant mainly through the stomata. Its function is to exchange gases by closing & opening the pores in the leaves. Facilitates CO2 uptake & releases O2. |
| Where in the plant cell does the Calvin cycle occur? | the reaction of the calvin cycle take in place in the stroma. |
| What are the requirements for the Calvin Cycle? Know that carbon fixation occurs in this step. | 1. CO2 bonds to G3P to form energy rich 5 carbon sugar: RuBP 2. CO2 reacts with RuBP to form a transient 6-carbon intermediate that immediately splits into 2 molecules of PGA . This reaction is called carbon fixation because inorganic carbon CO2 has been incorporated into organic form: the acid PGA. 3. The enzyme that carries out this reaction is: rubisco a large 16-subunit enzyme found in the chloroplast stroma. |
| What are the differences between light dependent and light independent reactions? | -Light dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. Occurs during the day & has 4 steps. Produces ATP, NADPH & O2. -Light independent reactions occur both in day & night. Carbon fixation, reduction and regeneration to produce organic molecules: Glucose. |
| What are pigments? Know the pigments and what they absorb, also which is the main and which are the accessory pigments. | Chlorophyll a: the main photosynthetic pigment in plants & cyanobacteria. It is the only pigment that can act directly to convert light energy to chemical energy. Absorbs violet-blue & red light |
| chlorophyll b | Chlorophyll b: accessory pigment or secondary light-absorbing pigment , complements the light absorption of chlorophyll a. Has an absorption spectrum shifted toward the green wavelengths that can absorb green wavelengths that chlorophyll cannot. |
| carotenoids | Any of a group of accessory pigments found in plants; in addition to absorbing light energy, these pigments act as antioxidants, scavenging potentially damaging free radicals. It can absorb photons in wide range of energies but are not always highly efficient in transferring the energy. |
| Know what CO2 is combined with in the light –independent reaction. | CO2 is combined with RuBP to form 3-PGA |
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