39048542
| Question | Answer |
| A set of multiple protein coding genes that are transcribed into one RNA unit in prokaryotes | What is an operon? |
| When lactose is not present, this molecule binds to the lac operator DNA, preventing transcription | What is the lac repressor protein? |
| When lactose is present, the repressor binds to this molecule instead of the lac operator DNA and becomes inactive. | What is allolactose or an inducer? |
| This is the gene upstream of the lac operon that produces the repressor protein. | What is lacI? |
| These are the three genes necessary for producing proteins that allow E.coli to utilize lactose. | What is Lac Z, Lac Y, and Lac A? |
| During transcription, the promoter sequence is bound by these molecules. | What are general transcription factors? |
| During transcription, control elements close or far from the gene are bound by these molecules | what are specific transcription factors? |
| These are the two types of control elements that bind either to an activator or repressor. | What are enhancers (bound to activators that +transcription) and silencers (bound to repressors that -transcription)? |
| These three regulatory components are necessary for gene transcription to occur. | What are general transcription factors, mediator protein complex, and activators (bound to enhancers of control element)? |
| This post-transcriptional gene regulatory mechanism can make multiple distinct protein products from the same gene. | What is Alternative Splicing? |
| The process by which information encoded in a gene is turned into a function. | What is Gene Expression? |
| Regulation of gene expression in this type of organism responds to changes in the environment. | What is a unicellular organism? |
| Regulation of gene expression in this type of organism determines the functions of its cell types. | What is multicellular organism? |
| The process during which gene regulation most often occurs/primarily occurs. | What is transcription? |
| Gene regulation occurs in order to control how much of this final product is made from each gene. | What is protein? |
| This type of mutation affects the individual only and not any future generations. | What is a somatic cell mutation? |
| These are the three types of base substitution mutations that can occur. | What are missense, nonsense, and silent mutations? |
| These are environmental agents that can change the structure of DNA | What are mutagens? |
| Insertions and deletions that are not a multiple of 3 cause this type of mutation. | What is a frameshift mutation? |
| This type of mutation occurs when DNA polymerase makes a mistake during replication. | What is a spontaneous mutation? |
| The enzyme that reads the DNA sequence of the gene and synthesizes the RNA | What is RNA polymerase? |
| This type of mutation does not affect the individual but DOES affect future generations. | What is a germ cell mutation? |
| DNA sequence at the start of the gene, where RNA polymerase and many factors that regulate transcription bind | What is the promoter sequence? |
| X-rays are examples of this type of environmental agent which can cause mutations. | What is a physical mutagen? |
| The lac operon encodes the genes necessary for E.coli to use this type of sugar. | What is lactose? |
| Describe the main process through which gene regulation occurs during RNA processing. | Gene regulation occurs through alternative splicing during RNA processing. Introns are spliced and exons are joined together in different combinations to make different protein products. |
| What is the name for an environmental agent that can induce DNA mutations? What are the two types. | Mutagens. The type types are chemical and physical mutagens. |
| Name the three steps of cell signaling in order. | Reception, transduction, and response. |
| What are the two mechanisms through which we can acquire different sets of activator proteins to be active in different cell types? | Division of cytoplasmic determinants and inductive signaling |
| This is a a special type of paracrine signaling that comes specifically from neurons. | Synaptic signalling. |
| What are two components essential to gene transcription that are required for both eukaryotes and prokaryotes? | Promoter sequence and transcription start site (TSS) |
| Describe the conditions under which the repressor protein is bound to the operator sequence of the lac operon. What happens as a result of this binding? | The repressor protein is bound to the operator sequence under no lactose conditions. Transcription cannot occur. |
| Describe the conditions under which the lac repressor protein is bound by allolactose. Describe what happens as a result of the repressor being bound to allolactose. | The lac repressor is bound to allolactose when lactose is present in the environment (lactose converts to allolactose). Allolactose inactivates the repressor protein and inhibits it from binding to the operator sequence. Transcription can occur. |
| These are the required elements for gene transcription to occur in eukaryotes. | Distal or proximal control elements (enhancers or silencers) and their specific transcription factors (activators or repressors). Promoter sequence, general transcription factors, and RNA polymerase. Gene itself. Mediator protein. DNA bending protein. |
| Insertions and deletions can completely change the reading frame for a sequence. What is this type of mutation called? | Frameshift mutations disrupt the normal reading frame and the entire gene sequence following the mutation will be incorrectly read. |
| What is the difference between missense, nonsense, and silent mutations? | Silent mutations occur when a base substitution results in no change to the protein seq. Missense mutations occur when the amino acid seq. is changed. Nonsense mutations occur when an early stop codon is produced. |
| Name the two types of cell mutations and describe their heritability. | Somatic cell mutations affect the individual only and cannot affect future generations. Germ cell mutations do not affect the individual but DO affect future generations (they are heritable). |
| What is the difference between spontaneous and induced mutations? | Spontaneous mutations are mistakes made by DNA pol during replication (random and need no external agent to cause them). Induced mutations occur when environmental agents (like x-rays or asbestos) change the structure of DNA. |
| Describe the process of reception. | The interaction between a receptor protein and its signaling molecule or ligand. |
| Match each phrase to the type of cell signaling it defines. (1) This type of signaling occurs between cells in the same local area. (2) between cells that are in direct contact. (3) between cells throughout the body. | (1) paracrine. (2) juxtacrine. (3) endocrine |
| Name two common outcomes or responses as a result of signal reception and transduction. | changes in gene expression, change in enzyme activity, or remodeling of cytoskeleton |
| What are three ways that a signal can be transduced? | Via Phosphorylation Cascade by kinases Via production of secondary messengers Via direct travel to the nucleus (nuclear localization) |
| These are cells from very early embryos are capable of becoming every cell type in the adult organism. | Embryonic stem cells. |
| Cytoplasmic determinants are a mechanism for cell differentiation. Describe this process briefly. | During mitosis, cytoplasmic determinants/activators/ specific TFs which are found in in the zygote get divided up into different cells |
| How are cells replaced when they die? | Stem cells! Stem cells are not fully differentiated and are still able to divide so they can replace the lost cells. |
| Inductive signaling is a process for cell differentiation. Describe this process briefly. | Signaling cells secrete differentiation factors that activate transduction pathways in target cells. This leads to the expression of specific genes. |
| This category of signaling molecules are used for endocrine signaling. What is the name of the category and how do they travel in the body? | Hormones and they travel to their target cells using the bloodstream/cardiovascular system. |
| At which point in the cell differentiation process does a cell become irreversibly committed to a cell type? | Cell determination |
| Muscle cell differentiation requires activation of this gene. What does this gene determine the precursor cell into? | MyoD gene, myoblast |
| What are the two types of receptor proteins? What kind of signaling molecules do they interact with? | Integral membrane protein found embedded in cell membrane: binds to signals that cannot cross cell membrane (large, hydrophilic, charged) Intracellular receptor proteins found inside the cell: binds to signals that CAN cross cell membrane (small, hydrophobic) |
| Multiple Choice | sob |
| Which of the following must be bound to the promoter in order to initiate transcription in eukaryotes? - Specific Transcription Factors - cAMP - General Transcription Factors - Activators | General transcription factors |
| What is the term for homologous pairs coming together and forming the synaptonemal complex during early prophase? - Bonding - Centromere - Synapse - Pairing | Synapse |
| If I start with a 2n = 16, then after meiosis 1, each cell will contain - 16 chromosomes - 8 chromosomes - 4 chromosomes - 32 chromosomes | 8 chromosones |
| What are a set of multiple protein coding genes that are transcribed into one RNA unit in prokaryotes - Operon - Operator - Promoter - Control Elements | operon |
| Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical mutagen? - Gamma Rays - Ionizing Radiation - X-Rays - Alcohol | Alcohol |
| Which term described the random orientation of homologous pairs when they line up in metaphase plate - Crossing Over - Mutations - Variation - Independent Assortment | Independent Assortment |
| Operons are also found in Eukaryotic cells - True - False | False |
| This bind to an enhancer region of control elements to increase transcription in eukaryotes - Activator - Enhancer - Silencer - Repressor | Activator |
| The lac operon encodes the genes necessary for E.coli to use this type of sugar - Lactose - Glucose - Glycogen - Cellulose | Lactose |
| Which of the following lists the steps of cell signaling in order? - Reception, Response, Transduction - Transduction, Response, Reception - Reception, Transduction, Response - Response, Reception, Transduction | Reception, Transduction, Response |
| Mutation is the source of ALL genetic variation - True - False | True |
| This process refers to the receiving and responding to information from outside the cell - Cell differentiation - Cell communication - Cell signaling - Cell determination | Cell Signaling |
| Which enzyme’s activity is most often controlled as part of regulating gene expression? - DNA polymerase - tRNA - Transcriptase - RNA polymerase | RNA Polymerase |
| Which of the following is a type of cell signaling that occurs between cells in direct contact? - Juxtacrine - Endocrine - Paracrine - Exocrine | Juxtacrine |
| This process refers to the interaction or binding of a signaling molecule to its receptor protein - Response - Transduction - Reception - Binding | Reception |
| There is NO interphase between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2 - True - False | True |
| The process in which change in gene expression, change in enzyme activity, or remodeling of cytoskeleton is initiated - Transduction - Reception - Response - Translation | Response |
| Which term described the exchange of DNA between non-sibling chromatids during prophase 1 - Genetic inheritance - Crossing over - Chromosomal mutation - Independent assortment | Crossing Over |
| Which features of gene regulation do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes share? - General transcription factors - Enhancers and silencers - Promoters and transcription start sites - Specific transcription factors | Promoters and Transcription Start Sites |
| Which of the following is incorrectly matched to its definition - Locus : the address of a gene - Allele : mutated version of a protein - Gene : unit of heredity - Allele : different version of a gene | Allele : mutated version of a protein |
| This type of mutation affects the individual only, and not any future generations - Somatic Cell Mutation - Frameshift Mutation - Germ Cell Mutation - Base Substitution Mutation | Somatic Cell Mutation |
| A receptor protein found inside the cell that binds to a small, hydrophobic signaling molecule - Intracellular receptor protein - Integral receptor protein - Intercellular receptor protein - Hydrophobic receptor protein | Intracellular Receptor Protein |
| Term that described signal amplification (passing of signal) in the cell after a signaling molecule binds to its receptor - Translation - Transduction - Response - Replication | Transduction |
| During transcription, distal or proximal control elements from the gene are bound by these molecules - General transcription factors - Mediator complex - Promoter sequence - Specific transcription factors | Specific transcription factors |
| Which is a type of cell signaling that occurs between cells in the same local area? - Juxtacrine - Paracrine - Endocrine - Exocrine | Paracrine |
| What type of base substitution mutation involves a base change in a codon that results in the same amino acid? - Missense - Nonsense - Silent - Non-silent | Silent |
| Phosphorylation cascade is an example of which step of cell signaling? - Reception - Transduction - Response - Differentiation | Transduction |
| A signal binds to an integral membrane / extracellular receptor. How does that include transduction INSIDE the cell? - The signaling molecule is expelled to the inside of the cell - The signaling molecule crosses the cell brane and travels to the nucleus - The receptor protein is expelled inside the cell - The receptor protein changes conformation | The receptor protein changes confirmation |
| Differential gene expression/cell differentiation as a result of cell signaling is called. . . - Cytoplasmic determinism - Mitosis - Inductive signaling - Meiosis | Inductive Signaling |
| Paracrine signaling often involves growth and differentiation factors - True - False | True |
| Meiosis 2 and Mitosis are the same - True - False | True |
| Endocrine signaling usually involves ___ as the signaling molecule - Gasses - RNA - Hormones - DNA | Hormones |
| Neurons diffuse neurotransmitters across a synapse to communicate. What kind of singaking is this an example of? - Juxtacrine - Paracrine - Endocrine - Exocrine | Paracrine |
| ____ are capable of becoming every type of cell in the adult organism - Embryonic stem cells - Adult stem cells - Multipotent stem cells - Pluripotent stem cells | Embryonic stem cells |
| Which term describes the process through which homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate normally? - Crossing over - Independent Assortment - Mutations - Nondisjunction | Nondisjunction |
| Integral membrane proteins/extracellular receptors are able to bind signaling molecules that. . . - Cannot cross the cell membrane - Are able to cross the cell membrane - Are small and hydrophobic - Have nuclear receptors | Cannot cross the cell membrane |
| Which of the following is a type of gene regulation that occurs during RNA processing in eukaryotes? - Binding of silencers - Poly-A tail - Alternative splicing - Inactivation of promoter | Alternative splicing |
| In mitosis, activators or specific TFs which are found in cytosol get divided up into different cells. This is . . . - Inductive signaling - Meiosis - Cytosolic division - Cytoplasmic determinism | Cytoplasmic Determinism |
| At which point during the cell differentiation process, does a cell become irreversibly committed to a cell type? - Cell commission - Cell shaping - Cell differentiation - Cell formation | Cell differentiation |
| ___ are activated during transduction , diffuse through cells, and activate proteins or open channels. - Kinases - Phosphorylases - Second messengers - Signaling molecules | Second messengers |
| These mutations occur when environmental agents (mutagens) change the structure of DNA - Insertion mutation - Base substitution mutation - Spontaneous mutation - Induced mutations | Induced mutations |
| When lactose is not present, transcription of the lac operon occurs - True - False | False |
| How can we get differential gene expression in cells? - Different sets of activator proteins - Different sets of genes - Different sets of promoter sequences - Different sets of predeterminators | Different sets of activator proteins |
| Kinases activate or inactivate proteins via - 2nd messenger production - Phosphorylation - Addition of AMP - Acetylation | Phosphorylation |
| How does the MyoD expression induce muscle cell differentiation - MyoD activates transcription of muscle-specific genes like actin - MyoD turns into actin and myosin fibers - MyoD directly causes cell to change shape - MyoD inactivates enzymes | MoD activates transcription of muscle-specific genes like actin |
| In aldosterone signaling (steroids) involving ___ receptors, the hormone-receptor complex travels to nucleus as a TF - Intercellular - Integral - Peripheral - intracellular | Intracellular |
| During which phase of meiosis does independent assortment occur? - Prophase 1 - Prophase 2 - Metaphase 1 - Anaphase 1 | Metaphase 1 |
| What type of base substitution mutation results in an early stop codon - Non-silent - Missense - Nonsense - Sense | Nonsense |
| Paracrine signaling involves which of the following processes? - Active transport - Sodium / potassium pumps - Diffusion - Carrier proteins | Diffusion |
| Which of the following is the process through which a cell gains its form? - Formation - Shaping - Determination - Morphogenesis | Morphogenesis |
| Trisomy is a type of aneuploidy in which a gamete is missing a chromosome - True - False | False |
| Muscle cell differentiation involves activating the expression of the ___ gene, a master regulator - MyoA - MyoD - MyoB - MyoS | MyoD |
| Adult stem cells are just as useful as embryonic stem cells - True - False | False |
| This type of mutation can be insertion of deletion that changes the entire reading frame of a DNA sequence - Missense - Nonsense - Frameshift - Sense | Frameshift |
| Crossing over occurs during which phase of meiosis ? - Prophase 1 - Prophase 2 - Telophase 1 - Anaphase 2 | Prophase 1 |
| Every cell in your body contains the exact same set of genes - True - False | True |
| Which protein allows the promoter, gene, control elements, and TF’s interact? - DNA interaction protein - DNA communication protein - DNA bending protein - DNA binding protein | DNA bending protein |
| When lactose is present, transcription of the lac operon does no occur - True - False | False |
| After meiosis 1, one diploid cell becomes two haploid cells - True - False | True |
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