39595993
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Flashcards by Aalia Mohammad, updated 6 months ago
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Created by Aalia Mohammad
6 months ago
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| Question | Answer |
| describe composition in blood. | -about 5L per person -considered a fluid tissue -made of plasma and formed elements. |
| describe plasma in blood | -90% water -dissolved gasses (CO2 & O2) -Nutrients (glucose, amino acids, ect.) |
| describe formed elements. | -contribute about 45% of blood matter -made in the red bone marrow -consists of RBC's, WBC'S and platelets. |
| what are erythrocytes (RBC'S)? | -Small biconcave discs. -loses nucleus when mature -contains hemoglobin (280 x 10'6 Hb/RBC) |
| What is the function of erythrocytes (RBC)? | -Hemoglobin in RBC is responsible for carrying O2 -When less O2 is available more RBC's are produced. -stimulated by release of renal erythropoietin. |
| what are leukocytes (WBC'S)? | -contain nucleus-irregularly shaped -way less numerous than RBC's -most are neutrophils |
| What are granulocytes? | -have granules in the cytoplasm -have irregular shaped nucleus (many lobed) -destroy viruses, bacteria, and protists by phagocytosis. |
| what are agranulocytes? | -no granules in cytoplasm -have a circular nucleus (mononuclear) -monocytes act like granulocytes- they are phagocytotic. -lymphocytes are part of specific immune response. |
| how does immune response work? | -all cells have markers called antigens. antibodies are created to match the antigens on invaders. then the antibodies will attach to these antigens. this mobilizes them until a leukocyte comes to engulf it. |
| what are thrombocytes (platelets)? | -are cell fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes. -responsible for blood clotting -if a person's blood does not clot, they may be a hemophiliac. |
| what are the 2 functions of the circulatory system? | -bring nutrients to the cells -take wastes away from the cells |
| what are the 3 types of blood vessels the human body has? | -arteries & arterioles -veins & venules -capillaries |
| what is the function of arteries and arterioles? | -carry blood away from the heart to the tissue. |
| what are arteries? | -arteries are large vessels and have thick elastic walls to allow for it to stretch. they are surrounded by smooth muscle to control the diameter of the artery. |
| what are arterioles? | -arteries branch into arterioles. arterioles are smaller and, mostly smooth muscle to allow for more control. |
| What are capillaries? | -capillaries are very narrow, microscopic tubes. the walls of these tubes are one cell layer thick. |
| what is the function of capillaries? | -capillaries connect the arterioles to venules, and exchange material with the tissues. -gases and small molecules like glucose exchange across the walls of capillaries. |
| What is the function of veins and venules? | -they carry blood from the tissues to the heart and act as a body's reservoir. |
| describe veins | -Veins walls are tinner than arterial walls and have valves which allow blood to flow only toward the heart and prevents backflow |
| describe venules | -venules join to form veins and drain the blood from capillaries and then join to form a vein |
| location of blood: | -veins contain 75% of the body's blood -arteries contain 20% -capillaries contain 5% |
| the cardiovascular system is divided into which 2 circuits? | -pulmonary circuit -systemic circuit |
| explain pulmonary circulation. | -it is the path of blood from the heart to/from the lungs. -deoxygenated blood from the body collects in the right atrium, is then pumped into the right ventricle, then is sent to the pulmonary trunk, which divides into pulmonary arteries. pulmonary arteries become pulmonary arterioles and then pulmonary capillaries, where CO2 & O2 are exchanged. the oxygenated blood then enters pulmonary venules, then the pulmonary veins and finally back into the left atrium. |
| Explain systemic circulation | -includes all blood vessels except those in the pulmonary circuit. -blood is pumped to the tissues and organs by the left ventricle of the heart. from the tissues, blood collects in the right atrium via the superior vena cava (head and upper body) and the inferior vena cava (lower body), and is then pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary circuit. |
| function of pulmonary artery | takes deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the lungs |
| function of pulmonary vein | brings oxygenated blood to the left atrium from the lungs. |
| function of aorta | largest artery. takes blood to major organs/regions from the left ventricle. |
| function of carotid artery | takes blood to head. subclavian artery branches off of carotid artery. |
| function of mesenteric artery | takes blood to the intestines |
| function of renal arteries | takes blood to the kidneys |
| function of iliac arteries | takes blood to the legs from the aorta. |
| function of superior vena cava | largest vein. collects blood from the jugular and subclavian and brings blood to the right atrium. |
| function of inferior vena cava | largest vein. collects blood from lower body and brings blood to right atrium. |
| function of renal vein | returns blood to the inferior vena cava from the kidneys |
| function of hepatic portal vein | connects the blood vessels of the villi to the liver. carries nutrient rich blood to liver for processing. |
| function of hepatic vein | returns blood from liver to inferior vena cava |
| function of illiac veins | returns blood from legs to inferior vena cava. |
| heeart diagram | insert image memorize 5.3 last page notes |
| function of right atrium | pumps deoxygenated blood into the right ventricle |
| function of left atrium | pumps oxygenated blood into the left vemtricle |
| function of right ventricle | pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs. |
| function of left ventricle | pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta |
| what is the tricuspid valve? | atrioventricular valve. controls blood flow between right artium and right ventricle. 3 flaps on valve. |
| what is the mitral (bicuspid) valve? | atrioventricular valve. controls blood flow between left atrium and left ventricle. 2 flaps on valve. |
| what is the pulmonary valve? | semilunar valve. lies between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk. |
| what is the aortic valve? | semilunar valve. lies between left ventricle and aorta. |
| what is renal circulation? | blood flows to left ventricle to aorta to renal artery to renal arterioles to capillaries to venules to renal vein to inferior vena cava to right atrium |
| what is mesentric circulation | blood flows from left ventricle to aorta to mesentric artery to mesenteric capillaries to hepatic portal vein to hepatic capillaries to hepatic vein to inferior vena cava to right atrium. |
| how is the heart a double pump? | the right ventricle sends blood into the lungs and the left ventricle sends blood to the rest of the body. |
| describe left ventricle in terms of blood pumping | -thicker walls and must pump harder as it pumps blood to entire body. volume pumped per minute is called cardiac output. avergae human pumps around 5.75L blood per minute. |
| what is heart pulse? | heart pulse is the rythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle propelling blood through the circulatory system. |
| what is blood pressure? | blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries as it flows through them during a heart pulse |
| what is systolic pressure? | represents the pressure when the heart contracts and pumps blood out. |
| what is diastolic pressure | represents the pressure when the heart relaxes between beats. |
| what is a healthy blood pressure? | 120 mm Hg/80 mm Hg |
| what does the heart beat begin with? | it begins with an electrical signal generated by a specialized group of cells called the sinoatrial node (SA) often refferred to as the heart's peacemaker. |
| where is the SA node and what does it do? | -SA node is found in the right atrium and initiates each heartbeat by sending electrical impulses that travel through the atria, causing them to contract and push blood into the ventricles -the impulses then reach another cluster of cells called the atrioventicular (AV) node which acts as a relay station. |
| what does the AV node do? | -it briefly delays the electrical signal, allowing the atria to contract fully and fill the ventricles with blood. -then, the signal is rapidly transmitted to the ventricles through the bundle of His and Purkinje fibers causing them to contract and pump blood out of the heart. |
| why does the fetus have a slightly modified circulatory system? | because lungs do not function and it is connected to mother's circulatory system via umbilical cord and placenta. |
| what is an oval opening (foramen ovale)? | -an opening between the 2 atria -allows passage of blood from right to left atrium without passing through lungs. |
| what is the arterial duct? | connects pulmonary artery and aorta. allows blood to go from pulmonary artery to aorta without passing through lungs. |
| what are umbilical arteries and veins? | -arteries carry deoxygenated blood from fetus to mother's placenta. -veins carry oxygenated blood from mother (placenta) to fetal tissues. |
| what is the venous Duct (ductus venosus)? | -connects umbilical vein to vena cava in fetus. |
| what happens at birth? | -oval opening completely closes (only 3/4 babies have closed oval opening at birth) -arterial duct closes -venous duct, umbilical arteries, and veins become connective tissue. |
| when does a heart attack occur? | a heart attack also known as myocardial infarction occurs when a blockage occurs within a coronal artery, the heart's blood supply. |
| what is atherosclerosis? | is a condition where the buildup of various substances, including cholesterol and fat occur in the blood vessels. this is known as plaque and overtime plaque can harden and narrow the arteries restricting blood flow which can lead to a heart attack or stroke. symptoms usually don't show until condition has significantly advanced. |
| what is hypertension? | -known as high bp -elevated bp in the arteries -1 in 5 people have hypertension -referred to as silent killer -can lead to heart disease, stroke, kidney damage, vision loss. |
| what is heart valve disorder? | -known as valvular heart disease. -affects 1 or more of the 4 valves of the heart. -can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life. |
| what is a stroke? | -known as celebrovascular accident (CVA) -occurs when blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. |
| what are the 3 types of strokes in the brain? | 1) ischemic stroke 2) hemorrhagic stroke 3) transient ischemic attack |
| what is an aneurysm? | it is a ballooning in the wall of a blood vessel. it occurs when a weakened area in the blood vessel's wall allows it to expand. |
| how to prevent cardiovasuclar disease? | -healthy diet -exercise -healthy weight -avoid smoking & alcohol -manage stress -good sleep (7-9 hrs) |
| what is the lymphatic system? | -it is a network of lymphatic vessels and organs and is closely associated with the circulatory system. |
| what are the 3 main functions of the lymphatic system? | 1) to absorb excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream 2) to absorb lipids from digestive tract. 3) to help the body defend against disease. |
| explain lymphatic vessels. | -is a one way sytem that begins at the lymphatic capillaries made of simple squamous epithelium. the absorb excess tissue fluid called lymph which consists mostly of water, but also solutes (electrolytes, nutrients, oxygen) and is derived from plasma and cell products (hormones, enzymes ect.) lymphatic capillaries join to form lymphatic vessels. vessels move the lymph into lymphatic ducts which returns lymph to the circulatory system. as lymph moves through the system, it passes through lymph nodes which scan lymph for foreign material potentially activating the immune system |
| what is an edema? | -is a buildup of excess tissue fluid and can lead to tissue damage and eve death if untreated |
| what are lymphoid organs? | -lymphoid organs contain large numbers of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell responsible for adaptive immunity. |
| what are the 2 types of lymphoid organs? | 1) primary lymphoid organs- (where lymphocytes develop & mature) 2) secondary lymphoid organs- (where lymphocytes become activated) |
| explain primary lymphoid organs. | -primary lymphoid organs include the redbone marrow and the thymus. -red bone marrow is rich in connective tissue fibers & stem cells -all lymphocytes start off in the red bone marrow -only B lymphocytes remain in the bone marrow to mature. -the thymus is a bilobed organ filled with T lymphocytes. |
| explain secondary lymphoid organs | -secondary lymphoid organs include the spleen & lymph nodes. the spleen is a small organ mostly composed of blood vessels & sinuses. in the spleen, macrophages remove old blood cells & platelets. it also contains lymphoid tissue, where lymphocytes can react with pathogens. the lymph nodes are packed with B & T cells. they are also packed with macrophages that can engulf and kill invading pathogens. |
| what is immunity? | -when body is protected against threats like pathogens, toxins, and cancer. |
| what are the 2 primary forms of immunity in the human body? | -innate immunity & adaptive immunity. |
| what is innate immunity? | -refers to fully functioning protection without previous exposure to a substance. -skin & mucus are apart of this system and protect against pathogens -inflammation another innate immunity response that causes swelling to damaged tissues |
| what is adaptive immunity? | -when innate immunity has failed, adaptive immunity takes charge. the adaptive immune response recognizes, responds, and eliminates antigens from the body. -antigens are any molecule that stimulates an adaptive immune response. usually involves B or T cells. |
| what are B cells in adaptive immunity? | -B cells are a type of white blood cell that produce antibodies. these antibodies help to recognize and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses |
| what are T cells in adaptive immunity? | -T cells are type of white blood cell that recognize and attack infected or abnormal cells in the body. they can also regulate the immune system by releasing signaling molecules that activate or suppress other immune cells. |
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